phil scifi thorough

**Knowledge (JTB)

** Justified True Belief, what you believe, that is true, and that you have good reason to believe

Fallacy (Ex. Equivocation)

the use of a particular word or expression in multiple senses within an argument without defining terms

Epistemology

study of knowledge (how do we know what we know?)

Rationalism (Epistemology)

The content of our concepts or knowledge extends beyond the information that sense experience can provide

Empiricism (Locke)

No innate ideas, sense experience is the ultimate source of knowledge

All ideas are simple (cannot be broken down into more basic ideas) or complex (two or more simple ideas)

Metaphysics

the essence or nature of reality itself

There is an eternal form of every object or idea in the material world (Plato)

Forms

Immaterial

Uncreated

Unchanging

Eternal

Known via Reason

Particular Things

Material

Created

Destructible

Changing

Finite

Experienced via Senses

Qualitative Vs Numerical Identity

Qualitative

Two objects of the same make, model, color, of the same materials, are qualitatively identical

Numerical

Two objects contain the same essential qualities

Diachronic Numerical Identity

how does a substance maintain its numerical identity over time?

Soul Theory (Descartes)

Person X at time T is numerically identical to perso Y at time T+1, only if they share the same soul.

Memory Theory / Psychological (Locke)

Person X at time T is numerically identical to person Y at time T+1 only if they share memories

Psychological

If they are psychologically continuous

Substance Dualism (Descartes)

Reality is composed of substance, each human is composed of the mind and body (separately), the essential properties of the body are matter and thought

Innate Ideas

Ideas that do not come from sense experience

Ideas that a finite imperfect individual cannot be the source of

I.e. Infinity, Perfection, Omniscience, Omnipotence, Omnibenevolence

Animals do not have souls, and are not intelligent

Materialism

Consciousness can be entirely explained as a physical phenomena, and it is a matter of brain mechanics

**Continuity Theory (Locke)

** Personal identity is preserved through a chain of memories

Criticism Of Psychological

psychological continuity can’t explain identity because memory can be unreliable

**Continuity (Parfit Or Hume)

Identity is not fixed**

Parfait

identity is not about psychological connection or solid self

Hume

the self is a bundle of experiences

Determinism

every event, including every human decision and action, is a consequence of previous events

Free Will

being in control of your thoughts and actions (Descartes thought this aligned with having a soul)

Compatibilism Vs Incompatibilism

Compatibleism

Compatibility between moral responsibility and determinism

Incompatibleism

free will and determinism cannot co

Hard Vs Soft Determinism

Soft Determinism (Compatibilism)

free will and determinism are compatible (we have some degree of free choice that are constrained by the laws of science and physics

Hard Determinism (incompatibilism)

determinism is true, and thus we do not have free will

The Mind (Descartes)

your thoughts and ability to reason about the world

Strong Ai / Weak Ai

Strong AI

a machine that has consciousness

Weak AI

artificial beings trained to be tools for specific tasks, in a narrow area of focus

Descartes’ Two Tests

Language (can a being use complex language) and action

Turing Test

a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to that of a human

Chinese Room / Chess Room

a native English speaker who knows no Chinese is in a room full of Chinese symbols, with a book of instructions for manipulating the symbols. Someone is outside the room asking questions in Chinese. In order to pass a Turing Test a machine only has to mimic basic language rather than human intelligence.

Gary Marcus’ Revised Turing Test

building a computer program that can watch a TV show or Youtube Video and answer questions about its content