AP HUG cumulative final

Absulute location

the exact spot on Earth where something is found, often stated in latitude and longitude

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

site

The physical character of a place

situation

the location of a place relative to other places

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. Is not controlled, humans can over come it

physical geography

human geography

study of events/processes that have made humans understand,use, and alter the Earth

Spatial Perspective

where something occurs

spatial aspects

why things are located where they are

ecological perspective

relationships between living things and their environments. Helps explain humans needs/reliance on ecosystems.

place

a point in space

space

area between 2 or more things on Earth's surface

Distribution

an action of sharing stuff among people

density

the number of things in a specific area

pattern

how things are placed/set up in a specific area

flow

things more from one place to another

Absolute location

Site

relative location

Situation

scale

relationship between the size of the map and the actual size of earth

Cartographic scale

map scale

georgraphic scale

total amount of territory that a map represents (global vs. Local)

using a large scale can hid the actual...

spatial patterns

large scale

smaller area but greater detail (zoomed in)

small scale

more are shown but few details (zoomed out)

scale of analysis

if data is shown at the country, state, or county level

region

are on earth with certain characteristics taht make it distinct from other areas

Formal region (uniform/Homogeneous)

area with 1 or more similarities, physical trait/landform, DEFINED BY DATA

Functional region (nodal)

an area organized around a node(focal point)

perceptual region (vernacular)

an area based off of peoples opinions, no correct boundaries, can be over lapping

Quantitive Data

interpretations of data sources, descripitions

Qualitive data

measured by numbers, find patterns and relationships

Census

an official count of the number of people in a defined area

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

a computer system that stores geographic data that can add layers of data on a map. Each type of information is stored into different layers

Remote sensing

the process of taking pictures of the Earths surface from satellites or aerial vehicles to provide a greater understanding of Earth's geography

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A satellite navigation system. Uses satellites that circle the earth, tracking stations and receivers to pinpoint precise positions of something on earth.

Mercator projection

true direction, good for navigation purposes, size of continents are distorted.

Gall-Peters projection

size is easily displayed, shape is distorted, true direction

Azimuthal Projection

flattened disk shaped, only shows half of Earth

Robison Projection

curved longitude lines, straight latitude lines, globe like appearence, extreme distortion at the poles.

Cartographers

mapmakers

Geographic grid

a system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface

Reference maps

generalized sources of geographic data, focuses on location, streets, illustrates boundaries, unique identifiers of places.

thematic map

have a specific purpose, relationship among geographic data, shows distribution, flow and connection

Cartogram

shows the relative size of an area based on particular attributes like populations. Distorted

Choropleth

uses colors or shadings

Dot map

dots are used to show locations of specific observations or events

Graduated symbol

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

Isoline

lines connect data points of the same value

How is data used

to help people understand problems. consider options and make decisions. Used to support peoples desicions

sovereignty

the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders without the influence over other states

Icelanders, a north Germanic ethnic group and nation who speak Icelandic make up over 90% of the population is a...

nation state

basque people a group in Spain with unique culture and language have formed secessionist organizations with the goal of separating themselves from Spain but they still do not have an independent state

stateless nation

Relic

A former boundary that no longer has an official function

vietnam is an example of a.... boundary

relic

antecedent boundaries

a border established before an area becomes heavily settles

superimposed boundaries

a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force

subsequent boundaries

a border drawn in an area that has been settled and where cultural landscapes exist or are in the process of being established

geometric boundaries

follows lines of latitude and longitude. doesn't not go by cultural boundaries

consequent boundaries

type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape separation groups that have distinct traits

a state is never able to infringe upon the right to innocent passage and restrict the passage of foreign ships in its territorial sea

false

a state has complete control over the passage of foreign ships in its contiguous zone

false

a state must share the economic resources in its EEZ with other states

false

a state has exclusive jurisdiction over the protection and preservation of natural resources and marine life in its eez

true

high seas are open to all states for freedom of navigation, freedom of overflight, freedom to construct artificial islands installation, freedom of fishing, and freedom of scientific research

true

Centripetal force

unites groups of people

centrifugal political force

divides groups of people

centripetal political

an attack by an enemy causes the people of a country to unite against a common enemy

centripetal economic

infrastructure can connect people in countries

centripetal social/cultural

education and mass media promotes a shared culture and language within a state

centripetal geographic

statue of liberty is a symbol that is a feature of the land now. It connects the US by showing our unity

centrifugal political

civil wars

centrifugal economic

economic inequality can lead to uneven development within a state

centrifugal social/cultural

multiple nationalities within a state compete for control and allegiances

centrifugal geographic

land features like a mountain can divide states and or communities and show a loss of connection

territoriality

how people use space to show ownership

shatterbelt

an area that is prone to instability, located between 2 very different regions or 2 or more powerful outside powers

colonialism

type of imperialsim, a country establishes settlements and directly imposes its political, economic, cultural principles on another territory

impact of colonialism

diffusion of european culture to the detriment of local cultures. contemporary political borders are in many cases the result of colonial boundaries

neocolonialism

country indirectly imposes its political economic and cultural principles on another territory

impact of neocolonialism

continued dependence of LDCs on MDCs diffusion of golbal culture

decolonization

process by which a colony gains independence

impact of decolonization

independence and self determination of formerly colonized people. Many state boundaries were the same as or similar to colonial borders conflicts within countries due to political boundaries not aligning to cultural/ethnic boundaries

devolution

the process in which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central governments sovereignty.

impact of devolution

states fragment into autonomous regions or sub-national political territorial units. States remains intact under one central government.

unitary government

an organization of a state in which power is concentrated in a central government

advantages of a unitary government

efficient centralized government, standardization of laws, may foster patriotism.

disadvantages of a unitary government

can result in ethnic minorities feeling marginalized , central government may fail to or be slow to respond to local issues

federal government

the organization of a state where the power is shared between the central government and its internal regional units

advantages of a federal government

enables power sharing so that ethnic minorities don't feel marginalized, local governments can better respond to local issues

disadvantages of a federal government

overlapping responsibilities can lead it inefficiency, lack of standardized laws, can result in separatist movements

supranationalism

when multiple countries join together and form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members

causes of supranationlism

ensure security and peace, promote free trade, address global challanges

impacts of supranationalism

requires member states to give up some of their sovereignty. can enable a cooperative effort to solve global problems

culture

the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

cultural trait

a shared object or cultural practice

artifacts

a visible object or technology that a culture creates
ex-clothes, toys, tools, land-use practices

sociofacts

a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior
ex- families, governments, educational systems, and religious organizations

mentifacts

a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas,values, knowledge, and beliefs. slowest to change
ex- relgious beliefs and language

cultural norms

a shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people