GI Study Guide Questions

Name 3 things in the mouth that aid in digestion

Saliva, teeth, tongue

What does saliva contain that helps breaking down food?

Enzymes

The epiglottis is part of which section of the pharynx?

Oropharynx

What is the junction between esophageal and stomach tissue called?

Z line

The esophageal aperture is located at what vertebral level?

T10-T11

The voluntary phase of swallowing occurs as the bonus is pushed into what structure?

Pharynx

What motor nerve inner ages the tongue?

Hypoglossal (CNXII)

What is pyrosis, a common type of esophageal discomfort?

Heart burn

What alls food to pass through the esophagus?

Gravity and parastalsis

Name 2 salivary glands

Parotid and submandibular

The parotid duct penetrates through which muscle of the face?

Buccinator

Touching what structure produces a gag reflex?

Uvula

Name the three parts of the pharynx

Nasopharyngeal, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What are the functions of saliva?

Breaks down food, protects the teeth, lubricates food

The pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into what?

Duodenum

Where does digestion occur?

Stomach and duodenum

What forms the shorter concave border of the stomach?

The lesser curvature

What protects the stomach from “eating itself”?

Mucosal layer

What is a protrusion of a part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Hiatal hernia

Where does stomach cancer frequently occur?

Pyloric region

Which quadrant contains a majority of the stomach?

LUQ

What is the term associated with propulsion of food?

Peristalsis

What are the folds that allow for expansion of the stomach?

Rugae or gastric folds

What is the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter

The tail of the pancreas is in close proximity to the hills of what other organ?

Spleen

The pancreatic duct connects the common bile duct which hen empties into what?

Duodenum

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

Head, neck, body, tail

Which kidney does the tail of the pancreas lie anterior to?

Left

Most of the pancreas is removed by what procedure?

Pancreatectomy

The pancreas is responsible for which 2 endocrine secretions?

Insulin and glucagon

Which major artery is located directly behind the spleen?

Splenic arteries, abdominal aorta

Insulin is responsible for what?

Sugar breakdown, regulate blood glucose levels

Functions of the spleen

Creates RBCs, fight infections, stores platelets

What organ takes over for the spleen if it can’t do its job?

Liver

Which quadrant is the spleen located?

LUQ

What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

Spleen

Where is the spleen located in relation to the kidney?

Superior

Which artery provides blood to the spleen?

Splenic artery

What makes up the portal triad of the liver?

Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

What is the largest organ and gland in the body?

Liver

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Right, left, quadrate, caudate

Excessive alcohol use can lead up to what fatal condition?

Cirrhosis

Where does the liver receive its blood supply?

75% portal vein, 25% hepatic artery

What are the functions of the liver?

Stores glycogen, secretes bile

What is the function of bile?

Break down fat

What is the function of portal veins?

Carries nutrient rich blood from intestines, blood carries digested food substances to liver for processing

Name the substances that are added to the chyme in the duodenum

Bile, pancreatic enzymes

What are the sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunal, ileum

What are the wrinkles lining the walls of the small intestine called?

Plica

In which section of the small intestine does the majority of absorption take place?

Jejunum

What is the first part of the small intestine?

Duodenum

What letter shape does the duodenum resemble?

C

What organ does the duodenum course around?

Pancreas

Where do peptic ulcers take place?

Duodenum

What part of the large intestine is a landmark that demarcates the upper quadrant from the lower quadrant?

Transverse colon

The appendix is located on the interior aspect of what part of the large intestine?

Cecum

Does absorption occur in the rectum?

No, it’s a storage area

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

Water

What is the surgical removal of the appendix called?

Appendectomy

What are the parts of the colon?

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What is the noticeable by-product of digestion?

Gas

What is it called when small pouches (Usually in the sigmoid colon) that bulge outward from the colon and become inflamed?

Diverticulitis

What structures form the superior and inferior borders of the abdominopelvic region?

Superior: diaphragm, inferior: pelvic floor

What 2 organs produce bile?

Liver and gallbladder

Are the elevator ani muscle group the most superior or most inferior muscles in the pelvic floor?

Most inferior

Where does pain with palpate on occur with appendicitis?

McBerny’s Point

What is the largest lymphatic flap of fatty tissue that covers the anterior portion of the gut called?

Greater Omentum

What is the function of the kidneys?

Remove excess water, salt, and waste. Return nutrients and chemicals to blood

In location to the kidney, where is the adrenal gland located?

Superior

Which 2 hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the word commonly used to describe the location of the kidney in the body?

Retrial peritoneal