Male and Female reproductive system

similarities between female and male reproductive system

both have gonads

gonads produce what

sex cells called gametes GnRH → LH and FSH (gametogenesis: meiosis)

Ovaries

produce oocytes (oogenesis) 1 per month

testes

produce sperm (spermatogenesis) 100 million per day

fertilization

sperm nuclei fuses with oocyte nuclei in falopian tube

scrotum

requires cooler environment

testes

produce sperm (seminiferous tubule)

production and secretion of androgens (testosterone)

seminiferous tubule contain

sustentacular cells ( regulate sperm production, nourish developing sperm, nondividing support cells)

spermatogonia (germ cells divide through meiosis to create sperm)

interstitial cells

stimulated to produce androgens (testosterone) by LH

ductus deferens

sperm leaving epididymis enters ductus deferens

Immediately prior to ejaculation

peristalsis moves sperm from tail of epididymis to ampulla

ejaculatory duct

mixes sperm with seminal vesicle fluid prior to ejaculation, sperm from ductus deferens to prostate urethra

male urethra 3 regions

prostate urethra

membranous urethra

spongy urethra

glands that secrete seminal fluids to mix with sperm to crete semen

help neutralize the acidity of the vagina

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

seminal vesicle

seminal vesicle

secrete viscous whitish yellow, alkaline seminal fluid

nourish sperm, facilitates entry, vagina more hospitable

prostate gland

secretes milky fluid

nutrients for sperm, antibacterial, liquefy sperm

bulbourethral gland

secretes a clear viscous fluid (mucin)

flushes urethra prior to ejaculation, lubrication, copulation

can have sperm from previous ejaculations and vectors for STD

semen

sperm and secretion from three glands

called ejaculate when released

contains 39-928 million sperm

corpus cavernosum

surround corpus spongiosum

contains venous space that fills with blood during arousal or excitement

corpus spongiosum

surrounds spongy urethra

ovaries follicles

site of oocyte production and sex hormone release

ovaries

size varies during each menstrual cycle and during pregnancy

stages of follicular development

primordial follicle

primary follicle

secondary follicle

vesicular follicle

corpus luteum

corpus albicans

primordial follicle

1 oocyte stopped at prophase 1

1.5 million at birth, 400k at puberty

primary follicle

1 oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells

secrete estrogen

around 20/month but only 2 become secondary follicles

secondary follicle

1 oocyte

1-2 per month become vesicular follicle

vesicular follice

matured follicle = secondary oocyte

meiosis 1 completed and released secondary oocyte

ovulation (1 ovary per month)

corpus luteum

remnant of follicle

secrete estrogen and progesterone

14 days to degenerate

corpus albicans

scar

LH and FSH peak causes

ovulation

uterus

implantation, protectio, menses

layers of uterine wall (superficial to deep)

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

endometrium

basal layer

functional layer (changes thickness during uterine cycle and is shed as menses)

myometrium

smooth muscle

vagina

acidic to prevent infection

nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium

mammary glands

produce and secrete breast milk (prolactin and oxytocin)