Human Phys Final Review

Anatomy

The Structure of organisms

Physiology

The function of organisms and their parts

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left portions ( doesn't have to be right down the middle )

Transverse Plane

The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower positions ( crossection )

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into front and back portions

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment .

Negative Feedback Loop

Shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity

Positive Feedback Loop

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther ; amplify

Metabolism

Sum total of all of the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down or build them up

Anabolism

Build larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolism

Break down complex molecules into smaller ones

Cell

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

Carbohydrates

Major source of energy ( Sugars and starches ) ; made of C.H.O ; involved in cell signaling / Short term energy

Lipids

Water insoluable ; made of C, H ; provide long term energy , energy Storage fats

Proteins

Nitrogen

Tissues

Provide specific funtions for the body ; different cell structures of tissues causes different functions .

Epithelial

covers body surfaces ; lines hollow organs , body cavities and ducts ; forms glands

Connective

protects and supports the body and its organs ; binds organs together , stores energy reserves as fat , provides immunity

Muscle

Responsible for movement and generation of force

Nervous

Initiates and transmits action potentials or nerve impulses that help coordinate body activities

Integumentary System

Made up of 2 or more different tissues : Skin and accessory organs ; maintains homeostasis

Epidermis

made up of stratified squamous epithelium ; avascular ; 5 layers ( are keratinized )

Dermis

Made up of connective tissue w / collagen and elastic fibers ; blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin

Subcutaneous Layer ( Hypodermis )

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue ; binds the skin to underlying organs ; vascular

Melanin

Different amounts and size of melanin granules cause different skin colors ( exposure to sun causes dandoning of skin as melanin production increases)

Skeletal System

Made up of bones ( active tissue/organ) protection and support , blood cell production, muscle attachment , Storage of minerals

Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone ; contains a hollow medullary cavity that is lined w / endosteum and filled w / marrow

Epiphyses

Expanded ends of bones that forms joints w / adjacent bones

Compact Bone

Makes up the wall of the diaphysis

Spongy Bone

fills the epiphyses to reduce weight and enhance mobility . of the skeleton

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Osteocytes

mature bone cells ; located w / in lacunae that lie in concentric circles around osteonic canals ; pass nutrients and gases in matrix

Axial Skeleton

Consists of the skull , hyoid bone , vertebral column , thorax

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of pectoral girdle , upper limbs , pelvic girdle , and lower limbs

Vertebral Column

cervical , thoracic , lumbar , sacrum , & coccyx

cervical

7 smallest bones support head

thoracic

12 large and strong bones w / ribs

lumbar

5 massive bones , supports weight of body

sacrum

triangular at base of column w / 5 bones fused into one

coccyx

lowest part , 4 fused vertebrae

Articulations ( Joints )

functional junctions b / w bones ; provides body movement

Synovial Joints

Most joints ; Complex ; covered in hyaline cartilage ; shock absorbing ; contains fluid filled sacs

Muscular System

Consists 3 types of tissue that makes up the muscle and allows the muscle to move

Myosin

Consists of 2 twisted strands w / globular cross

Actin

A globular protein w / myosin binding sites (has tropomyosin and tropin ) ; thin filament's of myofibrils

Sarcomere

Compartments myofibrils are separated into compartments that contain thick and thin filaments

Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridge attaches to the binding site on the actin filament and bends , pulling on the actin , it releases to the next binding site on the actin , pulls again

Nervous System

Composed of neurons and neuroglia ; CNS and PNS; gather info ; how you view and process ; conscious or subconcious decisions .

Neuron

Transmit nerve impulses along nerve fipers to other neurons

Neuroglia

Carry out a variety of functions to aid and protect components of the nervous system

Central Nervous System

Made up of brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of body

Action Potential

A rapid sequence of changes in voltage across a membrane

Spinal Cord

Begins at base of brain and extends to intervertebral disk ; transmits impulses to and from brain and house spinal reflexes

Cerebrum

Associated w / higher mental functions ( interpreting , initiating movements , memory , integrating into for reasoning )

Diencephalon

Processes sensory input

Cerebellum

Coordinates muscular activity

Brainstem

Coordinates and regulates visceral activities , subconcious activity

Sensory System

uses receptor to detect change in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain and causes a sensation

somatic nervous system

touch, pressure, pain, temp

special nervous system

smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, sight

Sensation

feelings that occur when the brain interprets sensory impulses

Receptors

Detects changes in specific environments

Receptors chemo

chemical

Receptors pain

tissue damage

Receptors thermo

temp

Receptors mechano

pressure / movement

Receptors photo

light

Retina

Located in inner tunic ; Contains photoreceptors ; contains fovea centralis for Sharpest point of vision

Rods

Sensitive to light and function in dim light ; Colorliss vision ( rhodopsin

Cones

Shape images in bright light ; color vision

Endocrine System

Made up of cells , tissues , and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids ; Communicate w / cells using chemicals ( hormones ) ; regulate metabolic processes willin cells and body ; precise actions ; long term control and Coordination

Hormone

Chemicals that communicate w / cells ; steroids , amines , peptides proteins , glycoproteins ; influence target calls ; can induce or cause an affect after binded w / receptors

Pituitary ( Anterior and Posterior )

Attached to base of brain which control its activity

Pituitary Anterior

Controled by chemical means ( GH , PRL , TSH , ACTH FSH , LH )

Pituitary Posterior

controlled by electrical means ( ADH , oxytocin )

Thyroid Gland

Located below larynx ; regulate total metabolism ; lowers kevels of Ca² + and P ions when too high

Pancreas

Secretes hormones as an endocrine gland and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocring gland ; secretes , glucagon and insulin

Glucagon

Increases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Insulin

Decreases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to for glycogen

Cardiovascular System

Consists of heart , arteries capillaries bload vessels veins ; Supplies Or and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes

Plasma

Contains dissolved substances ( proteins , electrolytes ) ; liquid part of blood when Split what it is made of

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells ; transport O₂ and CO₂

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries O₂ from the lungs to the body and carries Co₂ back to the lungs

Leukocytes

White blood cells , plays role in immune system

Platelets ( Thrombocytes )

Involved in clotting ; sticky fragments / plugs

Hemostasis

flood balance / clotting

Systemic Circuit

Vessels carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

Pulmonary Circuit

Vessels carying blood to the lungs and back

Pericardium

Encloses the heart 2 layers : fibrous

Atria

Top 2 chambers of heart ; recieves blood returning to the heart ; has thin walls and ear

Ventricles

Bottom 2 chambers ; more muscular ; pumps blead to the body and Lungs

Atrioventrical valves ( AV : tricuspid + bicuspid / msral )

pulmonary and aortic valves ( semilunar )

Coronary Vessels ( Arteries and Veins )

Carries oxygen rich blood ; feed many capillaries of the myocardium ; main blood supply to heart

Superior + Inferior Vena Cavac

bring oxygen pour blood from body to the right atrium

Pulmonary arteries / veins

oxygen

Aorta

biggest veseel that distributes oxygen

Systole

Contraction

Diastole

Relaxation