In sickness and in Health

Do substances move into and out of cells?

true

What is homeostasis

the ability for organisms to maintain a steady sate when the external environment changes

what are examples of homeostasis

sweating or shivering

what is set point?

a normal or target value

what is normal range?

a range of values, around the target value, that are normal or healthy

what system closely monitors and coordinates

the endocrine system and the nervous system

what does the nervous system control

all body activities

what does the endocrine system do

it secretes hormones that regulate activities that the nervous system controls

what does the organ system do

it supplies body cells with all the substances, they also keep temperature pH, and other conditions at the optimal levels

what is the respiratory system

high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood --> triggers faster breathing --> lungs exhale more --> removes carbon dioxide from the body fast

what is the excretory system

low level of water in the blood --> triggers retention in kidneys --> kidneys produce more concentrated urine --> less water lost from body

what is the endocrine system

high concentration of sugar in the blood --> triggers secretion of insulin from pancreas -->

what is insulin

hormone that helps cells absorb sugar from the blood

what is negative feedback

response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value, it shuts off or turns on.

what are the steps of negative feedback

1. a change in the body is detected --> temp or gluc level
2. a message is sent to a gland or organ
3. a response is initiated --> body returns to normal state

is negative feedback involved in the maintenance of blood sugar

true

what hormone is released when there is a rise in blood sugar levels

insulin which comes from the pancreas

whats is positive feedback

when a change from normal state triggers a reaction that results in the change being amplified

what is an example of positive feedback

contraction :D

what does the kidney do

filter blood, remove nitrogenous waste, regulate salt and water balance, regulate sugar levels

what are receptor cells

receptor cells are a nerve cell that identifies change in the environment both inside and outside the body

chemoreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli (tongue)

photoreceptor

a receptor that responds to light (eye)

mechanoreceptor

responds to pressure or distortion (skin, inner ear)

thermorecepetor

responds to heat (skin)

what is the nervous system

senses the environment, controls action

what does the central nervous system consist of

the brain and spinal cord

what does the central nervous system respond to

muscles and glands

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

the bundles of nerves that relay messages between the sense organ, central nervous system and the muscles and glands.

where is the peripheral nervous system located

it is spread out through the entire body

what are neurons

cells that transmit messages in the form of electrical signals from the central nervous system.

what is a cell body

where the nucleus is located

what are denrites

branches that receive messages

what are axon

a thread like structure that carries impulses to other neurons

what are myelin sheaths

a fatty later that sometimes insulates the axon and sometimes a dendrite.

general structure of a neuron

general structure of a neuron

what so the sensory neuron do

transmit messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system

what does the interneuron do

transmit messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons

what does the motor neuron do

transmit messages from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscle and glands to initiate a response.

what is the speed of messages in the endocrine system

slow, generally takes longer to have an effect

what is the speed of messages in the nervous system

fast, generally has a rapid effect

what is the length of response for the endocrine system

often long lasting

what is the length of response for the nervous system

usually short lived

what is the spread of effect in the endocrine system

the hormones travel to all parts of the body via the bloodstream. BUT only affect the receptors for that particular hormone

what is the spread of effect in the nervous system

very localised

how do messages travel through the body in the endocrine system

in the blood stream

how do messages travel through the body in the nervous system

along nerves

what type of messages in the endocrine system

hormone (chemical)

what type of messages in the nervous system

electrical impulse, neurotransmitter (chemical)

adrenaline

source gland --> adrenal
target --> whole body
main effects --> increases heart rate shuts down digestion makes energy available to muscles

thyroxine

source gland --> thyroid
target --> whole body
main effects --> makes cells consume more oxygen and nutrients increases body temperature

thyroid-stimulating hormone

source gland --> pituitary
target --> thyroid
main effects --> stimulates thyroid hormone production

follicle-stimulating hormone

source gland --> pituitary
target --> gonads (ovaries or testicles)
main effect --> stimulates egg production in females stimulates sperm production in males

what is the sugar the body relies on for energy

glucose

glucose levels in the blood need to be kept within a certain range for the body to maintain homeostasis

true

what happens if there is too much glucose in the body

insulin yay :D —> it is produced by the pancreases

what is it called if the body can't use insulin effectively

diabetes

what is type 1 diabetes

the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to control blood glucose levels

what do people with type 1 diabetes need

regular injections of insulin

what is type 2 diabetes

the target cells of insulin stop responding properly —> insulin resistance

what do people with type 2 diabetes need to do

change diet

what is artificial insemination

injection of sperm into the women’s uterus close to to time of ovulation

where else has artificial insemination been used for besides humans

It has also been used in agriculture in the production of prime farm animals, and in the breeding programs for endangered species

what is In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

It is when the egg and semen are combined outside the mother's body in a dish.

what can be done if a man does not have enough sperm or a woman does not have enough eggs for a reproductive technology.

they can get it from a donor :D

what is the controversy surrounding reproductive technology

- some people believe it goes against nature
- religion may play a part in determining someone's views
- its very expensive
- Donors do not get paid

what is a pathogen

an organism which causes a disease to its host

what are organisms which can only been seen with a microscope

microbes

are pathogens infectious diseases

yup

what is a macro parasites

they are multicellular, do not typically multiply but instead produce transmission stages.

what is fungus

they are unicellular, they reproduce

what is protozoan

are single- celled organisms whose DNA is inside a membrane-bounded nucleus

what is bacterium

single celled organisms whose DNA is not contained inside a membrane-bounded nucleus

what is a virus

can not reproduce unless inside a host cell

what is a prion

are thought to be incorrectly folded proteins

can a disease disrupt the normal homeostasis of your body

yes

what is a non-infectious disease

they are not caused by pathogens and can NOT be transmitted from one organism to another.

how can infectious diseases be spread?

sneezing, coughing, physical contact with an infected organism, contaminated objects, contaminated water supply or vectors

is the common cold an infectious or non-infectious disease

infectious disease

is cancer and infectious or non-infectious disease

non-infectious disease

what is the first line of defence also known as

the barrier defences

what does the first line of defence do

prevents pathogens from entering the body. it consists of both physical and chemical barriers

what are some physical barriers

skin, cilia, hair, urine, and mucous

what are some chemical barriers

saliva, tears, strong acid, and acidity in your skin

what is the second line of defence

it is NON SPECIFIC !!!

what is the thing which takes up and digest any pathogen which enters the body

white blood cells also known as phagocytes

what is a macrophage

large white blood cell which eats pathogens

what is the general responses for the second line of defence

fever, inflammation, and phagocytes

what is a fever

the increase of body temp (above 38) --> slows down and kills pathogens

what is inflammation

painful redness and swelling in the affected area --> more blood = more white blood cells

what is the two main roles of the third line of defence

- identify and destroy specific pathogens
- build long-lasting immunity against the pathogen in case they
infect the body again

all pathogens have the same structure

false

what is an antibody

a type of protein that can bind to a pathogen

what does it mean to be immune to a disease causes by a pathogen

- the immune system has formed a memory of the pathogen
- the immune system can fight the pathogen more quickly and effectively

what does a vaccination do

- prevent the spread of a viral diseases and some bacterial disease
- trains the body

what does a vaccine contain?

a weakened or killed version of the particular pathogen

what is an antibiotic

a way of treating some bacterial diseases once people have gotten them

do antibiotic stop the growth of, or kill bacteria

yes

when were antibiotics first discovered

1928 by Alexander Fleming

good luck guys ily