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Social Identity Theory
Not one personal self, but several social selves that correspond to group membership. According to the theory, we need to understand who we are and know our value in social contexts. This is why we categorize ourselves in terms of group membership.
Salience
Sometimes one of our "social selves" can become more salient = we become more aware of that facet of identity. Social Identity Theory predicts that when one of our social identities becomes salient, it will have an influence on our behaviour.
Tajfel and Turner 3 psychological mechanisms
Social Categorisation
Social Comparison
Source of self-esteem - positive distinctiveness
Social categorisation
Process by which we identify which groups we belong to and which groups we do not.
In-group + out-group
Even when randomly assigned to a group - minimal group paradigm
Social Comparison
Means of justifying group membership. We seek to achieve positive self-esteem by positively comparing our in-group to an out group on some valued dimension. In-group heterogeneity vs out-group homogeneity
Source of self-esteem —> positive distinctiveness
Social group is made to appear more positive and valued by using verbal and non-verbal cues. Individuals seek to build and maintain positive distinctiveness for their group which is then used as a comparison to an outgroup on some dimension ('we are better than they are')
3 strategies in tajfel
Maximum joint profit
Maximum ingroup profit
Maximum positive difference
Minimum Group Paradigm
Being allocated to random groups is all it takes to create in-group
Social Cognitive Theory
Assumes that humans learn behaviour through observation
People learn by watching others (models) and imitating their behaviour
Social Cognitive Theory cognitive factors
ARMS LIC
Attention, Retention, Motivation, Self-efficacy
Liking of the model, Identification with the model, Consistency of the model
Illusory Correlation
When people see a relationship between two variables even when there is none and therefore overestimate a link between two variables
Co-occurrence of two fairly infrequent situations or events.
Reinforced by confirmation bias - where people seek out/ information that supports the relationship
Sterotype Threat
Idea that people are at risk/feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about themselves.
Stereotype itself (don’t necessarily have to believe it) pressures a negative performance = self-fulfilling prophecy
Spotlight anxiety
Fear of failure turned on by stereotype threat. Results in anxiety and stress, often causing people to underperform. This limits students’ educational prospects
Culture
A set of common rules that regulate interactions and behaviour in a group, as well as a number of shared values and attitudes in the group.
Comprised of aspects like customs, certain ideologies, languages, beliefs and more = large determinants of our actions and thoughts.
Cultural Norms
A set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group. Norms regulate behaviour within a group.
Cultural schemas
Internalised mental frameworks that influence thinking, emotions, and behaviour.
Developed through daily interactions and by the feedback from others in the group.
Cultural Dimensions
Values that distinguishes countries’ cultures from each other = Hofstede dimensions of national culture.
Individualism vs Collectivism
Long-Term Orientation
Power distance
Masculinity vs femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Indulgence vs Restraint
Enculturation
Lifelong process of learning one’s native culture that begins at birth and is primarily subconscious.
We learn cultural norms by interacting with the “gatekeepers of society” - parents, media, school = the transmission of knowledge, values, and beliefs
Direct teaching = gatekeepers of society tell you how you are meant to act
Indirect teaching = observational learning, potentially through media
Acculturation
Adapting to a new culture when exposed to it.
Occurs consciously, adopting norms and behaviour of another culture
Acculturation Gaps
Generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within the family
Acculturative Stress
Reduction in the mental health and well-being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adapting to a new culture. Culture shock
Berry’s Acculturation Modes
Personal battle between enculturation (maintaining one’s cultural identity) and acculturation (adapting to another culture in order to it in)
Berry suggested 4 acculturation strategies - Integration, separation, assimilation, marginalisation
