PR2 FINAL Q1

Participants

They possess a variety of characteristics.

Variable

a characteristic of a participant differs for group members

Variable

It is a concept or abstract idea that can be described in measurable terms. In research, this term refers to the measurable characteristics, qualities, traits, or attributes of a particular individual, object, or situation being studied.

Variable

It is not only something that we measure, but also something that we can manipulate and something we can control.

Categorical and Quantitative

Types of Variables

Categorical

any variable that is a category or type. example: sex, address, blood group

Quantitative

variables where the measurement or number has a numerical meaning. example: height, weight, number of students

Nominal Variable and Ordinal Variable

What are the Categorical Variables

NOMINAL VARIABLE

represents categories that cannot be ordered in any way.

example: eye color, barangays, religion, biological sex

ORDINAL VARIABLE

represents categories that can be ordered/ranked.

example: income brackets (0-10000, 11000-20000, etc) student classification

Interval Variable and Ratio Variable

What are the Numerical Variables?

Interval Variable

defined as a numerical scale where the order of the variables is known as well as the difference between these variables but has no true zero

example: temperature, net worth

Ratio Variable

defined as a numerical scale where the order of the variables is known as well as the difference between these variables and also has true zero

example: weight, height

Independent and Dependent Variable

Kinds of Variable

Independent Variable

variable that causes/ influences/ affects the outcome.

Dependent Variable

outcome/ results of the influence of the independent variable.

Independent Variable

called the treatment, manipulated, antecedent, predictor variable

Dependent Variable

called the outcome or criterion variable

Intervention

It is a combination of program elements or strategies designed to produce behavioral or
physical changes

Descriptive Research

It seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon.

Quasi-Experimental Research

It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences.

1. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated
by the experimenter, and effects of the independent variable
on the dependent variable are measured.

2. Researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use
ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing groups.

Correlational research

It attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data.

Experimental Research

It uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a
study.

Experimental Research

A true experiment is any study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one.

Experimental Research

An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables.

Experimental Research

Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in a naturally occurring one.

Importance of Research in Education

improve teaching- learning process.

better policy-making

Importance of Research in Medicine

medical breakthroughs

analysis of various laboratory findings

Importance of Research in Engineering

product/ device innovation

theoretical to conceptual production

design development and improvement

Importance of Research in Technology

innovations

technological advancements

Importance of Research in Mathematics

related with math education (knowing what affects students' difficulty in numeracy, math anxiety, new techniques in teaching math)

Importance of Research in Business

strategies in marketing

preferences of consumers/ target market

minimize the risks of doing business

Importance of Research in Social Studies

to describe and present behavior that influences human interactions

to describe socio- economic issues

Importance of Research in TVL

develop and evaluate applications or innovations in their field

preferences of consumers

describe and improve work efficiency

Research

It is a careful, detailed and systematic study of a specific problem, concern, or
issue to establish facts. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a
question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.

Qualitative

used to gain an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions, and motivations.

Qualitative

It involves data that are non-numerical like
feelings, emotions, and other unquantifiable
elements.

Purpose - Qualitative

to gain an understanding of underlying reasons and motivations. To uncover prevalent trends in though and opinion

Quantitative

deals with numbers, logic, and an objective
stance.

Sample - Qualitative

usually a small number of respondents

Data Collection - Qualitative

open-ended responses, interviews, observations and field notes

Data Analysis - Qualitative

to identify patterns, features, themes

Outcome - Qualitative

comes in a narrative report with contextual description and direct quotations from respondents

Purpose - Quantitative

To quantify data and generalise results from a sample to the population of interest To measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample

Sample - Quantitative

Usually a large number of cases representing the population of interest

Data Collection - Quantitative

Quantitative data based on precise measurements using structured and validated data collection instruments

Data Analysis - Quantitative

Identify statistical relationships

Outcome - Quantitative

Statistical report with correlation, comparisons of means and statistical significance of findings

Objective

impartial, unbiased and neutral

Clearly defined questions

(What, Which, how much)

Structures research instruments

(surveys, questionnaires)

Numerical data and statistical treatment

(unbiased results)

Large sample size

(represents a population)

Replication

(high reliability—stable and consistent)

Future outcomes

(new concepts and further studies)

Objective, Clearly defined questions, Structures research instruments, Numerical data and statistical treatment, Large sample size, Replication, Future outcomes

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Fast speed data collection, Findings can be generalized, Easy to analyze data, Consistent and reliable data, Can be anonymous, Objective

Strengths of Quantitative Research

Requires a large
number of respondents, Costly and expensive, Secondary data may
be unavailable, Extensive stat analysis, Very little room for
depressing areas and
uncertainty

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

Framing the Title

*The purpose of the research

*The narrative tone of the paper [typically defined by the type of the research]

*The methods used

Framing the Title

Our aim is to capture the reader’s attention and to draw his or her attention to the research problem being investigated

Framing the Title

*Indicate accurately the subject and

scope of the study.

*Avoid using abbreviations.

*Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader interest.

*Use current nomenclature from the field of study.

*Identify key variables.

Framing the Title

*Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major hypothesis.

*Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.

* Do not include "study of,” "analysis of" or similar constructions.

*Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form of a question.

Framing the Title

*Use correct grammar and capitalization.

*In academic papers, rarely is a title followed by an exclamation mark. However, a title or subtitle can be in the form of a question.

Subtitles

these are quite common in social science research papers.

Framing the Title

-Subtitles are quite common in social science research papers.

*Explains or provides additional context

*Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or imaginative title

*Qualifies the geographic scope of the research

*Qualifies the temporal scope of the research
*Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or work of a particular individual

Past Tense

What is the Verb Tense used to describe your methodology and report your findings and when referring to the work of previous researchers

Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitation, Definition of Terms

Parts of Chapter 1

Introduction

presents background information about the topic in different perspectives: international level, local or macro level, and the context of your research or micro level

Introduction

provides readers with information as to what the research work is all about

Introducion

mentions the reason(s) why the study needs to be conducted

Inverted Pyramid

In the Introduction of the paper we follow the ________ format

Inverted Pyramid

starts with a wide overview and moves toward the thesis statement/ rationale which should be the final element of your research intro.

Narrative Hook

It serves the important function of drawing the reader into a study

Statement of the Problem

*Provides focus for the researcher

*It is an essential step of investigation

*Provides the readers what the researchers want to find out

Statement of the Problem

*General Problem
*Specific Problem

- question/ statement

- variables are identified

- empirically testable

Significance of the Study

states the audience who will benefit from the study AND explains how exactly will the results be significant to them

Significance of the Study

In writing this part,

*cite beneficiaries of the result of the study, and

*for each beneficiary group, specifically describe how it will benefit from the findings

Scope and Delimitation

This presents the coverage of the research in terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and the potential weaknesses or problems with the study identified by the researcher.

Definition of Terms

The simplest function of this part of your study is to provide meaning to the terms/ words you will use throughout the conduct of your study. The relevant words we should define are the variables/sub- variables of our research because these terms are the focus of our research work.

Operational Definition

These are explanations of terms on how it was used in your research. It is critical to define terms operationally so that we exactly cover what we did with our research that we want our readers to understand.

Literature Review

It is a compilation, classification, and evaluation of what other researchers have written on a particular topic. It normally forms a part of a research study but it can also stand alone as a self-contained review of writings on a subject.

Citation

It is an organized way of acknowledging literature sources used in specific parts of the research paper.

Importance of Citations

Ideas generated by other researchers that were used and mentioned in your research paper must be cited to provide credit to the work of its authors.