STM 005 First Quarter Exam Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards based on the STM 005 First Quarter Exam review material covering Modules 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10.

Etymology

The study of the origin of words.

Philo

Love.

Sophia

Wisdom.

Philosophy

The love of wisdom; a systematic study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, existence, and ethics using critical thinking, logical argument, and rigorous questioning.

Philosopher

Someone who is attempting to find wisdom and an individual who engages in philosophy.

Metaphysics

The branch of philosophy that deals with the study of reality and existence.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy that deals with the study of knowledge.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with the study of morality, values, and right living.

Logic

The branch of philosophy that deals with the study of correct reasoning, valid thinking, and arguments.

Thales of Miletus (c. 624-546 BCE)

The first naturalist, father of western philosophy, and one of the seven sages of ancient Greece who claimed that a single physical substance (water) comprises all physical reality.

Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-495 BCE)

Philosopher who treated philosophy as a holistic way of life, believed in reincarnation, explained the cosmos through mathematical relations and harmonic proportions, and developed the Pythagorean Theorem.

Hiraclitus (c. 535-475 BCE)

Philosopher who proposed the doctrine of flux, argued that permanence is an illusion and change is the only constant, and used fire to represent reality.

Socrates

Philosopher who declared "The unexamined life is not worth living," focused on the human person and moral living, and maintained that knowledge is virtue while ignorance is a vice.

Theoretical Philosophy

A main branch of philosophy concerned with the origin/theory of knowledge, studying principles of human knowledge, thought, argumentation, communication, language, consciousness, and metaphysics.

Ontology

A specific branch of theoretical philosophy that studies being.

Theodicy

A specific branch of theoretical philosophy that studies God on logical abstraction.

Practical Philosophy

A main branch of philosophy that uses philosophical methods to explore how people can lead wiser and more reflective lives, focusing on living a good life, well-being, and developing enlightened values.

Axiology

A specific branch of practical philosophy that studies values.

Speculative Approach

An approach in philosophy that attempts to bring together all sciences using abstract terms whose concepts cannot be examined scientifically (e.g., the claim that the soul is immortal).

Analytic Approach

An approach in philosophy that analyzes fundamental assumptions of all sciences, emphasizing logic, language, and empirical methods to check concept validity scientifically.

Methodic Doubt

A method introduced by René Descartes stating that one must doubt everything uncertain, leading to the conclusion "I doubt therefore I exist."

Having a Body (Ownership)

Gabriel Marcel's concept highlighting that we treat our body as something we command and care for, distinct from our mind and will.

Being a Body (Identity)

Gabriel Marcel's concept recognizing that our body is inseparable from our existence and acts as the intrinsic manifestation of our existence, making man an embodied spirit.

Freedom according to Jean-Paul Sarte

The power of man to define himself and be what he wants to be, holding full responsibility for himself without excuses.

Freedom according to Immanuel Kant

Freedom seen in relation to the autonomy of the will, which is caused by reason; without reason, freedom does not exist.

Human Act

An act done with knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness, allowing its morality or immorality to be determined.

Act of Man

An act performed without knowledge, freedom, or voluntariness, making its morality or immorality undeterminable.