textbook chapter 15

what is dual innervation

when a target organ receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

what is antagonistic innervation

when the two divisions produce opposite effects on the same organ

what is cooperative innervation

when the two divisions produce complementary effects on the same organ

how do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions affect heart rate 

parasympathetic decreases heart rate; sympathetic increases it (antagonist effect) 

what kind of tone do sympathetic fibers to blood vessels maintain

baseline sympathetic tone

what is vasomotor tone

a state of partial constriction maintained by sympathetic tone

what happens when sympathetic firing rate increases

blood vessels constrict due to increased smooth muscle contraction

what happens when sympathetic firing rate decreases

blood vessels dilate as smooth muscle relaxes

can the sympathetic division alone cause opposing effects on blood vessels

yes, by adjusting firing rate

pupils: parasympathetic vs sympathetic

parasympathetic constricts; sympathetic dilates (antagonistic)

heart rate: parasympathetic vs sympathetic

parasympathetic decreases; sympathetic increases (antagonistic)

salivary glands: parasympathetic vs sympathetic

parasympathetic stimulates enzyme secretion; sympathetic stimulates mucus (cooperative)

sexual function; parasympathetic vs sympathetic

parasympathetic causes arousal; sympathetic causes orgasm (cooperative)

what kind of control is somatic motor division

voluntary

what effector type is somatic motor division

a skeletal muscle

what neuron pathway is somatic motor division

one neuron from CNS to effector

what sensory association is somatic motor division

touch receptors

what kind of control is autonomic motor division

involuntary 

what effector types is autonomic motor division

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

what neuron pathway is autonomic motor division

two neurons (pre- and post- ganglionic)

what neurotransmitters is autonomic motor division

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

what CNS origin is autonomic motor division

lateral horns of spinal cord

where is muscarinic found

in parasympathetic targets

where is nicotinic found 

in autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle

what is associated with mushroom poison

muscarine

what is associated with tobacco

nicotine

what is alpha-adrenergic

vasoconstriction, uses calcium as a second messenger

what is beta-adrenergic

heart, lungs, metabolic effects

where is the sympathetic chain of ganglia located 

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels 

what is the “rest-and-digest” division of the ANS

parasympathetic division

what is the “fight-or-flight” division of the ANS

sympathetic division

which function is NOT controlled by the ANS

maintaining tonicity of neck muscles (somatic system does this)

which is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic division

short preganglionic axons (they are long)

what enzyme breaks down norepinephrine 

monoamine oxidase (MAO) 

what happens to an organ after autonomic denervation

it becomes hypersensitive to neurotransmitters

damage to which nerve affects near vision accommodation

oculomotor nerve (CN III)