Studied by 11 people
Beaker
used to hold liquids
Flask
holding/containing liquids
Graduated Cylinder
instrument used to measure volume of a liquid
Test Tube
a thin glass tube closed at one end, used to hold small amounts of material for laboratory testing or experiments.
Tongs
utensil used to lift and hold foods while they are being cooked or served
Striker
used to light bunsen burner
Forceps
used to pick up or hold small items
Ring Stand
Used as a support; Rings and clamps attach to the stand
Bunsen Burner
used to heat substances
Meker Burner
Used to strongly heat materials in crucible, evaporating dish, or beaker
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Chemical changes (properties)
Color change, odor, formation of a precipitate, bubbling
Physical changes (properties)
Melting, transition to a gas, appearance, color, odor, solubility
Qualitative
Properties that are observed - not measured
Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
Heterogeneous substances
It is a substance in which the different parts can be seen - ex: ice cubes in a drink
Homogeneous substances
A mixture that has the same ratio of ingredients throughout the entire mixture, so, its components cannot be distinguished with the naked eye - ex: natural gas
Precision
A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Accuracy
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
Density calculation
D=m/v
Heat and temperature calculation
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Avagadro's number
6.02 x 10^23
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change
Dalton's Atomic Theory
elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements
Cathode Ray
a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode (cathode) of a tube containing a gas at low pressure
Protons
Positively charged particles
Neutrons
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Period
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Group
A vertical row of elements in the periodic table
Energy levels
the possible energies that electrons in an atom can have
Quantum
the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom
Atomic orbital
a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
Aufbau Principle
An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
Hund's rule
electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
Frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
What is the SI unit of cycles per second?
Hertz
Electromagnetic radiation
Radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
Spectrum
colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism
Ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom
Excited state
A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state
Photons
Light quanta
Periodic Law
the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements - to the left of the stair step
Metals (location)
a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity
Nonmetals
dull, brittle, poor conductors - to the right of the stair step
Metalloid
an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals - along the stair step line
Alkali metals
Group 1 - very reactive, soft, sliver, shiny, low density
Alkali Earth metals
Group 2 - less reactive than alkali metals but still very reactive, higher density, silver,
Halogens
A nonmetal group 7A of the periodic table
Noble gasses
Group 18 - unreactive
Transition metal
An element in group 3 through 12 of the periodic table
Atomic Radius
one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Ion
A charged atom
Ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
Octet rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
Ionic bonds
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Chemical Fromula
shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms
Covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
Polyatomic ions
ions that are made of more than one atom
