Chem final

Beaker

used to hold liquids

Flask

holding/containing liquids

Graduated Cylinder

instrument used to measure volume of a liquid

Test Tube

a thin glass tube closed at one end, used to hold small amounts of material for laboratory testing or experiments.

Tongs

utensil used to lift and hold foods while they are being cooked or served

Striker

used to light bunsen burner

Forceps

used to pick up or hold small items

Ring Stand

Used as a support; Rings and clamps attach to the stand

Bunsen Burner

used to heat substances

Meker Burner

Used to strongly heat materials in crucible, evaporating dish, or beaker

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Mixtures

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Chemical changes (properties)

Color change, odor, formation of a precipitate, bubbling

Physical changes (properties)

Melting, transition to a gas, appearance, color, odor, solubility

Qualitative

Properties that are observed - not measured

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Heterogeneous substances

It is a substance in which the different parts can be seen - ex: ice cubes in a drink

Homogeneous substances

A mixture that has the same ratio of ingredients throughout the entire mixture, so, its components cannot be distinguished with the naked eye - ex: natural gas

Precision

A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

Density calculation

D=m/v

Heat and temperature calculation

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Avagadro's number

6.02 x 10^23

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change

Dalton's Atomic Theory

1) elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements

Cathode Ray

a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode (cathode) of a tube containing a gas at low pressure

Protons

Positively charged particles

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Period

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

Group

A vertical row of elements in the periodic table

Energy levels

the possible energies that electrons in an atom can have

Quantum

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

Atomic orbital

a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron

Aufbau Principle

An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it

Hund's rule

electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible

Wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

What is the SI unit of cycles per second?

Hertz

Electromagnetic radiation

Radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge

Spectrum

colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism

Ground state

The lowest energy state of an atom

Excited state

A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state

Photons

Light quanta

Periodic Law

the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements - to the left of the stair step

Metals (location)

a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity

Nonmetals

dull, brittle, poor conductors - to the right of the stair step

Metalloid

an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals - along the stair step line

Alkali metals

Group 1 - very reactive, soft, sliver, shiny, low density

Alkali Earth metals

Group 2 - less reactive than alkali metals but still very reactive, higher density, silver,

Halogens

A nonmetal group 7A of the periodic table

Noble gasses

Group 18 - unreactive

Transition metal

An element in group 3 through 12 of the periodic table

Atomic Radius

one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together

Cation

A positively charged ion

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Ion

A charged atom

Ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

Octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Chemical Fromula

shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Polyatomic ions

ions that are made of more than one atom