Public Speaking

midterm🙏😭

Abstract word

Words that refer to ideas or

concepts that are removed from

material reality.

axiology

A part of worldview; refers to an

individual or group’s value

system.

channel

The means through which the

message travels.

communicator

The people in the interaction or

speech setting who encode and

decode messages simultaneously.

concrete word

A word that describes a tangible

object that can be perceived

through the senses.

context

The communication rules that

govern different physical settings

and/or different types of

relationships.

cosmology

A part of worldview; refers to the

way individuals and groups see

themselves in relation to other

people and their view of their

place in the universe.

cultural noise

Differences in worldview that

cause message interference.

decoding

The process of listening to words

and interpreting the words so they

are associated with a mental

image.

encoding

The process of taking a mental

image, associating the image with

words, and then speaking those

words.

epistemology

A part of worldview; refers to the

way an individual or group

acquires knowledge or what

counts as knowledge.

listening

The psychological process of

interpreting and making sense of

the messages we receive.

message

The words, nonverbal behavior,

or other signals transmitted from

one person to another.

noise

Any thing that interferes with the

message transmission or the

encoding and decoding process.

nonverbal behavior

All of the messages we send ---

except for the words we say. Can

include appearance, eye behavior,

kinesics (body movement),

proxemics (use of space), touch,

time, and smell.

norms

The verbal and nonverbal rules

(usually unspoken) that govern

communicative behavior.

ontology

A part of worldview; refers to an

individual’s or group’s belief

system.

praxeology

A part of worldview; refers to the

way an individual or group goes

about tasks or solving problems.

psychological noise

Message interference that results

from disturbed or excited mental

states.

physiological noise

Message interference that results

from bodily discomfort.

physical noise

Message interference that results

when the noise level (as

measured in decibels) makes it

difficult to hear a message.

public speaking

The act of delivering a speech in

front of a live audience.

worldview

The overall framework through

which an individual sees, thinks

about, and interprets the world

and interacts with it.

atticism

An expression characterized by conciseness and

elegance.

dialectic

Dialecticcan be defined as a debate intended to resolve a

conflict between two contradictory (or polar opposites),

or apparently contradictory ideas or elements logically,

establishing truths on both sides rather than disproving

one argument.

draco

In 621 B.C., the citizens of Athens commissioned Draco,

an elder citizen considered to be the wisest of the Greeks,

to codify the laws, which had remained an oral form of

custom and tradition. He began the tradition of law,

where cases were decided on clearly enunciated crimes

and penalties determined by statute rather than by the

whims of the nobility. His laws helped constitute a surge

in Athenian democracy.

elocutionary movement

Elocutionary Movement is a movement that focused

primarily on delivery. It not only involved the voice, but

also incorporated the entire person with facial

expressions, gesture, posture and movement.

epistemology

Epistemology is the study of the origin, nature, methods,

and limits of human knowledge.

marcus fabius quintilianus

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, also referred to as

Quintilian, was a celebrated orator, rhetorician, Latin

teacher and writer who promoted rhetorical theory

from ancient Greece and from the height of Roman

rhetoric.

marcus tullius cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero is considered to be the greatest of

the Roman orators, and was, among other things, a

lawyer, politician, and philosopher.

oratory

The ability to speak with rhetorical skill and eloquence.

pericles

Responsible for the installation of a pure democracy to

maintain popular support, a liberalized judicial system to

include poor citizens so that they could serve on juries,

and the establishment of a popular legislative assembly to

review annually all laws. In addition, he established the

right for any Athenian citizen to propose or oppose a law

during assembly. Pericles’ democracy established the

need for training in public speaking.

philosophical relativism

Philosophical relativism is the concept that points of

philosophical views have no absolute truth or validity,

having only relative subjective value according to

differences in perception and thought.

renaissance

The Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and

cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical

culture that occurred in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

rené descartes

René Descartes is one of the most important Western

philosophers of the past few centuries. He was also an

original physicist, physiologist and mathematician who

attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction.

rhetoric

Rhetoric is the faculty of discovering in the particular

case all the available means of persuasion.

sophists

5th century B.C. Greek philosophers and teachers who

speculated on theology, metaphysics, and the sciences,

and who were characterized by Plato as superficial

manipulators of rhetoric and dialectic

st. augustine

St. Augustine had been a teacher of rhetoric before

converting to Christianity in 386, and is considered to be

the only major thinker on rhetoric associated with the

Middle Ages.

syllogism

A syllogism is a deductive form of argument, proceeding

from a generalization to a specific application. It is a

systematic arrangement of arguments consisting of a

major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

zeno of elea

Zeno of Elea was a 5th century B.C. Greek mathematician

and philosopher of the Eleatic school who is considered

to be the inventor of dialectical reasoning.

direct quote

A direct quote is any sentence that conveys the

primary source’s idea word-for-word.

diversity

Diversity is an appreciation for differences among

individuals and groups.

ethical feedback

Ethical feedback is descriptive and explanatory

feedback for a speaker. Ethical feedback can be

positive praise or constructive criticism.

ethical listener

A listener who actively interprets shared material and

analyzes the speech content and speaker’s

effectiveness.

ethical communication

Ethical communication is an exchange of responsible

and trustworthy messages determined by our moral

principles.

ethical standards

Rules of acceptable conduct, that when followed,

promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness

and/or kindness..

ethics

Ethics is the process of determining what is good or

bad, right or wrong in a moral dilemma.

global plagiarism

Global plagiarism is plagiarism that occurs when a

speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own.

hate language

Hate language is the use of words or phrases that

isolate a particular person or group in a derogatory

manner.

incremental plagiarism

Incremental plagiarism is plagiarism that occurs when

most of the speech is the speaker’s original work, but

quotes or other information have been used without

being cited.

listening

Listening is the process of interpreting, or making

sense of, sounds.

morality

Morality is the process of discerning between right and

wrong.

paraphrase

A paraphrase is any sentence that shares learned

information in the speaker’s own words.

patchwork plagiarism

Patchwork plagiarism is plagiarism that occurs when

one patches together bits and pieces from one or more

sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

plagiarism

Plagiarism is when one passes off another’s work as

his/her own or neglects to cite a source for his/her

information.

social awareness

Social awareness is the recognition of important issues

that affect societies.

“We” language

“We” Language includes the use of pronouns and

phrases that unite the speaker to the audience.

appreciative listening

Listening for entertainment or

pleasure purposes. This is the type of

listening we might employ listening

to music, watching television, or

viewing a movie.

auditory association

The process by which the mind sorts

the perceived sound into a category

so that heard information is

recognized. New stimuli is

differentiated by comparing and

contrasting with previously heard

sounds.

communication loop

A traditional communication model

that has both sender and receiver

sharing responsibility for

communicating a message, listening,

and offering feedback. The sender

encodes a message for the receiver to

decode. Effectiveness of the

communication depends on the two

sharing a similar interpretation of the

message and feedback (which can be

verbal or nonverbal).

constructive feedback

Focuses on being specific,

applicable, immediate, and intends to

help the speaker to improve. The

feedback should be phrased as “The

story you told about you and your

sister in Disneyland really helped me

to understand your relationship...”

rather than “that was great, Jane.”

critical listening

When we are listening, aiming to

gain information with which we will

evaluate a speaker, or the product or

proposal the speaker is endorsing.

This is often employed when we are

looking to make choices, or find

points of disagreement with a

speaker.

“deaf spots”

The preconceived notions or beliefs

a listener might hold dear that can

interfere with listening effectively.

These are barriers to having an open

mind to receive the sender’s

message.

emotional trigger

A word, concept, or idea that causes

the listener to react emotionally.

When listeners react to a speaker

from an emotional perspective, their

ability to listen effectively is

compromised.

e latbetjc (therapeutic) listening

A level of relationship listening that

aims to help the speaker feel heard

and understand, also appreciated.

This is also known as therapeutic

listening as it is employed most often

by counselors, conflict mediators, or

religious representatives.

ethos

A speaker aims to establish

credibility on the topic at hand with

her audience by appealing to ethos.

This reflects the speaker’s character,

her ability to speak to the values of

the listener, and her competence to

discuss the topic.

hearing

Hearing is a three-step process. It

involves receiving sound in the ear,

perceiving sound in the brain, and

processing the information offered

by the sound to associate and

distinguish it.

informational listening

Listening to learn information. For

instance, this is the kind of listening

students employ in classroom

settings to gain knowledge about a

topic.

intrinsic motivation

Effective listeners will find a reason

within themselves to want to hear,

understand, interpret, and remember

the speaker’s message. Wanting to

pass a possible quiz is an extrinsic

motivation, while wanting to learn

the material out of curiosity about

the topic is intrinsic motivation.

“listener’s Lean”

Audience members who are intent on

what is being said will lean forward.

This is a nonverbal endorsement of

the listener’s attention and the effect

of the speaker’s message.

listening

This is the conscious act of focusing

on the words or sounds to make

meaning of a message. Listening

requires more intentional effort than

the physiological act of hearing.

listening reminder

A note made by a listener

acknowledging intent to focus on the

speaker’s message and tune out

distractions. A reminder might also

encourage a listener to keep an open

mind, or to provide open and

encouraging body language.

nonverbal communication

Physical behaviors that communicate

the message or the feedback from the

listener. These include leaning in,

nodding one’s head, maintaining eye

contact, crossing arms in front of the

body, and offering sounds of

agreement or dissent.

pathos

An appeal to the audience’s

emotions, trying to trigger sympathy,

pity, guilt, or sorrow. Pathos, along

with ethos, and logos, make up the

rhetorical triangle of appeals,

according to Aristotle. An effective

speaker will appeal to all three.

relational listening

The active and involved listening

we do with people we love and care

about. This is listening where we

acknowledge our sympathy for the

speaker, encourage them to tell

more, and build trust with friends or

family members by showing

interest in their concerns.

writing for the ear

Keeping in mind, when writing a

speech, that you must use language,

pace, repetition, and other elements

to help your audience to hear and see

what you are speaking about.

Remember, the listener must hear

and understand your message as you

speak it.

attitude

An attitude is a learned disposition to respond in a

consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with

respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.

audience analysis

A speaker analyzes an audience for demographics,

dispositions and knowledge of the topic.

beliefs

Beliefs are principles and are more durable than

attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and

not issues.

cognitive dissonacne

The psychological discomfort felt when a person

is presented with two competing ideas or pieces of

evidence.

demographics

Demographics are the most recent statistical

characteristics of a population.

demographic characteristics

Demographic characteristics are facts about the

make-up of a population.

demography

Demographics are literally a classification of the

characteristics of the people.

inference

Making an inference is the act or process of

deriving logical conclusions from premises known

or assumed to be true.

ordered category

An ordered category is a condition of logical or

comprehensible arrangement among the separate

elements of a group.

paradigm

A paradigm is a pattern that describes distinct

concepts or thoughts in any scientific discipline or

other epistemological context.

psychological description

A psychological description is a description of the

audience’s attitudes, beliefs, and values.

quantitative analysis

A quantitative analysis is the process of

determining the value of a variable by examining

its numerical, measurable characteristics.

statistics

Statistics is the study of the collection,

organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

unacquainted- audience presentation

An unacquainted-audience presentation is a

speech when you are completely unaware of your

audience’s characteristics.

uniqueness

Uniqueness occurs when a topic rises to the level

of being exceptional in interest and knowledge to

a given audience.

variable

A variable is a characteristic of a unit being

observed that may assume more than one of a set

of values to which a numerical measure or a

category from a classification can be assigned.

value

A value is a guiding belief that regulates our

attitudes.

value hierarchy

A value hierarchy is a person’s value structure

placed in relationship to a given value set.

bias

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

boolean operators

Words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand

or limit results.

expert testimony

Testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issue.

interlibrary loan

The process of borrowing materials through one library that belong to another library.

lay testimony

Any testimony based on witnesses’ opinions or perceptions in a given case

parity

Similarity of information across sources.