ento final

Which of the following classifications is not valid?

All of the above are valid classification

3 multiple choice options

"Apterygota" was a name originally applied to all the insects that diverged from other insects prior to the

origin of wings. Today this isn't recognized as a valid taxonomic group. Why

Some of these insects are more closely related to the flying insects than others (It's paraphyleti

Which of the following groups are classified within Hexapoda, but not Insecta? (mark all correct answers)

a. Zygentoma (silverfish

Collembola (springtails) Protura (proturans

Which of the following is the least important contributing factor to the "spectacular diversification" of the

insects?

Antennae

The first arthropods in the fossil record __________

appeared during the "Cambrian explosion" about the same time as other complex animals like annelids,

chordates and mollusks

Why are Paleodictyoptera significant

They represent one of the earliest groups of flying insects in the fossil record but are now extin

Arthropod (including insects) eyes are distinct from other metazoan eyes, yet there is evidence that they

share a common origin as a simple light sensing organ. Which of the following is the best evidence of this

shared origin?

They all utilize opsin proteins to transduce light into a nervous impulse

Because the fossil record is fragmentary and shows representation biases in the types of preserved

organisms it should not ever be considered when there are modern genetic analyses availabl

False

an insects hear? (mark all correct answers

Some insects have sensitive hearing structures called tympana, that have evolved independently and are

located in various parts of the thorax and abdomen

Some insects have sensory setae (sensilla) on their antennae that allow them to sense a small range of

sound.

2 multiple choice options

What is the main component of the exoskeleton

chitin

Which of the following best describes cephalization?

Fusion of several anterior body segments of the ancestral arthropod to create the insect he

Which of the following is not a component of the insect leg

Ulna

Which of the following is the best description of mouthparts across the Insecta

Although many insects still have the standard ancestral components (labrum, mandibles, maxilla and

labia), in different groups they are highly specialized for different methods of obtaining and processing

food.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about insect wing

In modern insects they can be found on both the mesothorax and the metathorax

In what way is the endocrine system of an insect homologous to that of a human?

Testes and ovaries are important glands that regulate the differences between the sex

What is the missing label on the diagram of the insect antennae at right?

Scape

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the insect nervous system

They have a relatively large brain primarily devoted to sensory function

Wriggling is a common mode of locomotion among insects associated with ______

soft-bodied larvae with a hydrostatic skeleton

Insect larvae have small bundles of tissue that develop into adult structures (wings, genitalia, eyes, etc.)

during the pupal stage. What is the term for these

Imaginal primordia

Which component of the insect digestive system is responsible for the digestion of food and absorption of

nutrients?

Midgut

What is the correct order for the stages of insect molting

Apolysis, Ecdysis, Sclerotization

Which of the following insects was covered in class and has a specialized mechanism of movement that

allows it to jump many times its body length?

Adult fleas

Most insects are quite soft and light colored after they molt. Which process will change this

Sclerotization

During copulation, some katydid males transfer a carbohydrate and protein dense package along with their

sperm when they copulate with the female. What are the two functions of this package? (mark both correct

answers)

It provides additional nutrition for the female (she eats it).

It has chemicals that regulate the female's reproductive behavior

Some hexapod species have indirect sperm transfer and the males make a little package of sperm for the

female to pick up. What is this package of sperm called

Spermatophore

Cerci

Paired appendages on the posterior part of the abdomen.

Tracheae

Part of the insect respiratory system.

Ommatidia

A subunit of the compound eye

Which of the following terms best describes the mechanism of insect walking

Tripod Gait

The hair-like, sensory structures found on many different parts of the insect body are called _______

Setae

A juvenile insect that looks very different from the adult stage is called a ____ and indicates that that insect

belongs to the group ______

larva, Holometabola

Someone asks you if an insect has a heart. Which of the following would be the most accurate respons

They have multiple pulsatory organs along a dorsal vein and sometimes accessory pulsatile organs at

the base of antennae and wings

Insects were the first animals to evolve the ability to fly

true

Dragonflies have a direct flight mechanism rather than a pterothorax; therefore, which of the following

does not apply to dragonfly flight?

The primary power for the downbeat of the wings is provided by the longitudinal muscles changing the

shape of the thorax

Which of the following best describes halteres

Modified hindwings that act as gyroscopes found in Diptera (flies)

Which of the following best describes our current understanding regarding the origin and evolution of the

insect wing?

There is still a degree of uncertainty, although it may be a combination of pleural and tergal

components. More work needs to be done to make a conclusive determinatio

What are the two insect groups that most commonly call via stridulation

Hemiptera (cicadas) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers and cricket

What is an ootheca?

A bundle of eggs with a protective substance wrapped around them

Which of the following insects has specialized salivary glands that help to facilitate its role as a vector of

disease?

mosquitoes

Which component of the insect digestive system is primarily responsible for keeping the insect from

dehydrating due to digestion of food?

Hindgut

Aedeagus

The analog of the mammalian penis.

Spermatheca

A structure in the female reproductive tract used to store male

gametes.

Stridulation

A vibration created as an audible advertisement indicating intent to

find a mate

Nuptial Gift

A food gift that the male presents to the female as an inducement to

mate.

Most insect species reproduce asexually

False

Which of the following observations would you expect to see in a species with strong sexual selection?

Males look very different from closely related species, but females look very similar to closely related

species.

Zoraptera (Zorapterans)

They are semi-social and some species have alternative modes

of development that allow them to switch between generations

with and without wings

Protura (Proturans)

Very few species compared to other orders of hexapods; they

have no antennae and use their forelegs as sensory structures.

e. Along with the Zygentoma represents one of two extan

Archaeognatha (Jumping

Bristletails)

Along with the Zygentoma represents one of two extant

branches of insects that diverged prior to the origin of wing

Collembola (Springtails)

A very important component of soil ecology, they have

modified appendages that help them rapidly escape predator

Ecdysosteroid

A hormone that plays a role in the cycle of molting the exoskeleton of insects.

Diapause

The ability to temporarily stop or slow down development to deal with less-

than-ideal environmental conditions

Eclosion

The process of transitioning from one life stage to the next by shedding the

exoskeleton

Katatrepsis

A stage of embryonic development where the position of the embryo inside of

the egg shifts

When pupating the monarch butterfly creates a green case from the epidermal layers of the pupal stage.

Which of the following terms best fits this case

Chrysalis

Commensalism

Some ants make their home in the canopy of large trees. Trees without

ant colonies are morphologically the same as trees with ant colonies

and there is no evidence to suggest any advantage or disadvantage to

either condition for the tree

Antagonism

Some crickets live inside ant colonies; they chemically mimic baby

ants and receive nearly all their food from worker ant

Mutualism

Leaf cutter ants raise a particular type of fungus that provides all the

food for the colony

antagonism

Cordyceps fungi grow inside insects, they drastically change the

behavior of their host and consume them from the inside

antagonistism

Some flowers create a noxious scent that mimics rotting flesh, this

attracts flies that then pollinate these flower

Which of the following is not a common strategy for that an insect would use to survive a cold perio

Growth of a specialized insulating layer of lipids underneath the exoskeleton

Univoltine

Anthocharis cardamines, a butterfly that has one generation each yea

Multivoltine

Danaus plexippus, monarch butterflies migrate across North America and

have several generations each year

Semivoltine

Magicicada tredecim, a cicada that grows as a nymph underground and only

emerges to reproduce once every thirteen year

What drove the Lord Howe Island stick insect to near extinction?

Introduction of invasive species, like rats, onto their small home islan

Why are insects so susceptible to changes in temperature?

They are small, poikilothermic organisms.

Which of the following is most likely the most important behavioral trait contribution to the evolution of

social and eusocial systems?

Maternal care

How many times has eusociality evolved in insects

Many different times

Trophallaxis

Termite adults regurgitate some of their gut content and feed it to

their nymphs

Inquiline

Some crickets mimic the pheromones of ants and live inside their

colonies.

Repletes

Some ant species have castes with enlarged abdomens, and they act as

storage vessels for food collected by the workers

Which group of insects has some species with a specialized soldier caste that can expel acid out of a

nozzle-like structure on the head

Termites

The phylogeny of leaf cutter ants closely matches that of the fungi that they rely on for food. This is a clear

example of ___________.

cospeciation

Which of the following best explains the evolution of eusociality in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees and

wasps)?

It has evolved many different times within this group due to the high degree of relatedness amongst

sisters. This is caused by a haplodiploid form of reproduction

Which of the following is the most important factor in the ability of termites to take advantage of wood as a

primary source of energy?

They have mutualistic gut microbes that help them to access the carbohydrates and proteins in wood

that are difficult to enzymatically break down

"Bt cotton" comprises the majority of cotton grown today. What is the distinguishing feature of Bt cotto

It is a transgenic organism and has a bacterial gene inserted into its genome

Why might a bacterial, or fungal biocontrol agent be a better approach than a chemical pesticide?

All of the above

Wolbachia bacteria have complex interactions with their various insect hosts. Some are best categorized as

mutualists, others as antagonists, and others may be in a gray area where ecological interactions are

difficult to categorize

True

What are common characteristics for bacteria that become obligate, mutualistic partners of insects? (mark

all that apply)

Horizontal gene transfer of bacterial genes to the host's genome

Loss of redundant genes (genes that perform a similar function when compared to host genes)

Vertical transmission of the symbiont rather than horizontal

Most pollination interactions between plants and insects can best be classified as a _________ interaction.

mutualistic

Gall

Cynips quercusfolii is a wasp that lays its eggs in oak leaves, the oak forms a

structure around the wasp larvae that protects and feeds it during

development

Monophage

Pipevine swallowtails always lay their eggs on one plant and the larvae rely

completely on their leaves for all their nutrition

Phytotelmata

Bromeliads are plants that have a small pool of water and can act as a mini

aquatic ecosystem in the canopy of rain forests

Myrmecochory

Acacia extensa is a species of tree that generates seeds with special "handles"

the help ants pick them up, some stick insect eggs mimic seeds and also

benefit from this behavior

Some pitcher plants have evolved away from an antagonistic relationship with insects. Which of the

following observations would provide evidence that a pitcher plant fell into this categor

A small ecosystem of living insects in its reservoir of water

Which of the following would be evidence of a plant mounting an indirect chemical response to

phytophagy?

Production of a chemical that signals to a wasp parasitoid of the phytophagous insect.

Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between Blattodea (roaches) and Isoptera

(termites)?

Termites are a highly specialized, eusocial branch of Blattodea and should not be considered as a

separate group.

You notice a domatia structure on a plant, which of the following is the best statement regarding this

situation?

The plant and the insects inside the domatia have a mutualistic relationship

How do gymnosperm plants pollinate

They rely nearly completely on wind pollination and therefore need to produce a lot of pollen.

What is the original ecological relationship between early angiosperm plants and insect pollinators?

A mutualistic relationship where the insects benefited by consuming some pollen (pollinivory) and the

plants benefited by more efficient transfer of the remaining polle

Select the proper order for the evolution of plant characteristics starting with the earlie

Reproduction via spores, Reproduction via seeds, Origin of flowers, Coevolution with insect pollinaton

Which of the following pollinators examples discussed in class is most likely to cospeciate with its host

plant?

Yucca moth

Some plants have a putrid stench and attract necrophagous insects such as flies to pollinate their flowers.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate about the ecological relationship between

these plants and their pollinators?

This is an antagonistic relationship, and the fitness level of the flies would increase if the plants were

removed from the environment

Members of which two following orders are most likely to be a phytophagous feeders by sucking fluids

through modified, elongated mouthparts? (mark both correct answer

Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Hemiptera (True Bugs)

Pollen as a food source was most likely the first enticement for early pollinator insects and some insects

today still use both pollen and nectar as a food source

True

Why are honeybees so useful as pollinators of commercial crops?

The are promiscuous pollinators (pollinate many different types of plants)

Plecoptera "Stoneflies"

Aquatic nymphs common in rivers and streams, can act as a

bioindicator of habitat degradation

Mantodea "Praying Mantids"

Forelimbs modified into raptorial claws

Orthoptera "Crickets and

Grasshoppers

Hind legs modified and enlarged for jumping

Hind legs modified and enlarged for jumping

One of the least biodiverse orders of insects with primarily

tropical distribution