the rock cycle

formation of igneous rocks

-melting and solidification of lava/magma (depending on intrusive or extrusive)

characteristics of igneous rocks

-hard

-vesicles (small holes)

-smooth

-no layers

-crystals (size depends on cooling time, more time = bigger crystals)

types of igneous rocks

-intrusive (caused by slow magma cooling inside of Earth)
-has larger crystals due to a longer cooling period

-extrusive (rapid lava cooling outside of Earth)

-small mineral grains or none ar all due to shorter cooling period

examples of igneous rocks

-granite (intrusive)

-obsidian (extrusive)

-basalt (extrusive)

what type of rocks are these?

-igneous rocks

formation of metamorphic rocks

-heat & pressure after underground burial

characteristics of metamorphic rocks

-relatively hard

-may or may not have layers

-squashed

-banding

types of metamorphic rocks

-foliated (has layers)

-unfoliated (no layers)

examples of metamorphic rocks

-gneiss (foliated)

-marble (non-foilated)

-quartzite (non-foilated)

what types of rocks are these?

-metamorphic

formation of sedimentary rocks

-small pieces of sediment (caused by erosion and weathering) cement together and get compacted to form a rock

characteristics of sedimentary rocks

-layers

-small sediments

-crumbly

-fossils

-pieces with sediment between them

types of sedimentary rocks

-clastic (compacted broken rocks)

-chemical (compacted dissolved materials)

-organic (compacted biogenic matter)

examples of sedimentary rocks

-sandstone

-limestone

-coal

what type of rocks are these?

-sedimentary rocks

magma

-liquid rock inside of Earth

lava

-liquid rock outside of earth

burial

-the process where layers of accumulated sediment are covered by new, overlying layers

-the weight of the materials lead to increased pressure and temperature in the buried layers, triggering the physical and chemical changes that transform loose sediment into solid rock

-processes called lithilication

compaction and cementation

-process where sediments are squeezed together under pressure

-the "gluing" of sediment grains together by new mineral crystals

sediments

any solid material broken down by weathering and erosion

weathering and erosion

-the process of breaking down or dissolving rocks, soil, and minerals without movement

-the process that picks up and moves weathered material from its original location

heat and pressure

forces that transform existing rocks into metamorphic rocks

melting and cooling

-process magma goes through to achieve igneous rocks

strata

-distinct layers of sediment in sedimentary rocks

-clastic

-compacted broken rocks

chemical

compacted dissolved materials

organic

compacted biogenic matter