Nucleus and DNA

Definition of Anucleotic

The cell does not have a nucleus Example: red blood cells

Multinucleotic

They have multiple nuclei ex muscle cells

What did Frederick Griffith do

Discovered that bacteria can transmit genetic information

Oswald Avery

used enzymes to discover that DNA transmits genetic info

Erwin Chargaff

Made the chargaff rules, which state that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals guanine.

Hershey and Chase

Used radioactive markers or proteins on DNA to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages.

Rosalind Franklin

Used x ray crystallography to show that DNA had a special structure

Wilkins

Won the nobel price as Franklins assistant because she had passed away

Watson and Crick

Made the double helix structure of DNA

Double helix

is the term for the two-stranded structure of DNA, where the strands twist around each other, resembling a spiral staircase.

What are the three parts ro the monomers?

Deoxyribose, Phosphate and Nitrogenous base.

DNA full name

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA’s monomer?

Nucleotide

What does the structure of DNA look like

A twisted ladder

How do the strands extend?

Antiparallel with one going 3 to 5 with the other going 5 to 3

What are these strands made out of. What are they called?

Phosphate and sugar Covalent bonds

What are Nitrogen Bases connected by

Hydrogen Bonds

Purines (2 rings) are which types of bases

Adenine and Guanine

Purinidines (1 Ring) are which types of bases

Thymine and Cytosine

Bases are held together by what

Hydrogen Bonds

Adenine to Thymine needs how many bonds

2

Cytosine to Guanine needs how many bonds

3

What is DNA replication and where does it take place

The process through which DNA makes a copy of itself that receives an identical set of genetic information. It takes place in the nucleus

Semi Conservative

making a new half of DNA to go with the original half

Template Strand

Original half of the DNA

Daughter strand

New half of the DNA built

Discontinuous Replication

is the process of synthesizing short segments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication, resulting in Okazaki fragments. Occurs on the 5 end to the 3 end of the parent strand

Okazaki Fragments

Little segments getting built during discontinuous replication that are later joined together by DNA ligase.

DNA replication step 1

DNA unzips and splits down the middle so there are two strands at the replication fork

DNA helicase

enzyme that unwinds DNA strands by splitting hydrogen bonds

Added step

in DNA replication where RNA primers are synthesized to initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands. The Nucleotides line up with the other half as well.

Primase

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers and temporarily adds nucleotides as well. These are necessary for the initiation of DNA replication.

What types of bonds hold the nucleotides together

Covalent

Which enzyme builds these bonds

DNA Polymerase 3

Which is the only strand you build Okazaki fragments which replication is it

Lagging strand and Discontinuous because it is being built away from the replication fork

Which enzyme removes and replaces primers

DNA Polymerase 1

Last Step

of DNA replication where fragments are joined together by DNA ligase.

Ligase

puts Okazaki fragments together

End Product of Replication

2 Strands of DNA

Exactly Identical

Each contains an old and a new strand