A&P II Lab practical 1

\#1 posterior pituitary

\#2 anterior pituitary

What does the GH target

- Liver
- Skeletal muscle
- bones

What is the action of the GH

promotes growth of body tissues, cell growth and division

What does the PRL hormone target

Mammary glands

What is the PRL hormone actions

To PROMOTE/STIMULATE milk production from mammary glands

What does the TSH target?

Thyroid gland

What is the TSH action?

to stimulate thyroid hormone release from thyroid that those help to increase metabolism and promote nervous and skeletal system growth

What does the ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic) target

Adrenal cortex

What is the ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic) action?

to stimulate hormone release by adrenal cortex meaning induces to produce glucocorticoids

What does FSH target?

ovaries/testes

What is the FSH action?

STIMULATE gamete production in gonads (eggs, and sperm)

What does the LH target?

ovaries/ testes

What is the LH action?

STIMULATE androgen production by gonads
male- testosterone by testes
Female- stimulates ovulation

What does the ADH target?

kidney tubules

What is the ADH action

stimulate reabsorption by kidneys

What does oxytocin target?

uterine smooth muscle & mammary glands

What is the oxytocin action

stimulate uterine contraction during birth & inject milk into mammary glands

What does Thyroxine and Triiodothyronin target?

most tissues

What is the action of thyroxine?

metabolic rate

What is the action of triiodothyronin?

Growth and development

What is does calcitonin target?

bone

what is the action of calcitonin?

to reduce blood calcium levels

What does parathyroid hormone target?

bone, kidneys, and intestines

What is the action of PTH?

increase blood calcium levels

Cell population that create the hormones of thyroid gland (what is thyroid gland made out of)?

Follicular cells/parafollicular cells(C cells)

Follicular cells

* Thyroglobulin
* Triiodothyronine
* Tetraiodothyronine/Thyroxine

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Calcitionin

Adrenal cortex zones

1) Zona Glomerulosa

2) Zona Fasciculata

3) Zons Reticularis

Hormone released by zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoids(regulate mineral balance) example→aldosterone

Hormone released by zona Fasiculata

Glucocoticoids( regulate glucose metabolism) example→ crotisol, corticosterone, cortisone(stress hormones to increase glucose levels)

Hormone released by Zona Reticularis

Androgens (stimulates masculination) examples → dehydroepian-drosterone

Hormones released by adrenal medulla

Stress hormones example → epinephrine, norepinephrine

What do adrenal glands target?

regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.

Pancreas cell population that create the hormones?

Islets of langerhans/ pancreatic islets

What are the pancreatic islet cells?

* Alpha (a) cells
* Beta (B) cells
* Delta cells
* PP cells/ F cells

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What does alpha cells secrete?

Glucagon

What does Beta cells secrete?

Insulin

What does Delta cells secrete?

Somatosin (GHIH) inhibits the release of both glucagon & insulin

What does PP cells secrete?

Pancreatic polypeptide (regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion)

Thymus gland cell population that create the hormones?

Thymopoetin

What hormone does thymus secrete

Thymopoetin

What is the action of thymus

Aids in the dev, of T lymphocytes of the immune system

What does the thymus targte?

T cells(T-lymphocyte)

Pineal gland secretes what hormone

melatonin

Pineal gland targets what?

various tissues

What is the action of the pineal gland?

To regulate biological clock

Parathyroid glands, cell pop that creates the hormones

chief cells(produce PTH) and oxyphil cells

What do testes target

reproductive male organs

Testes, cell pop that creates the hormones

leydig cells

What hormones do testes secrete

testosterone and inhibin

What action of testes

Stimulates dev of secondary sex characteristics and sperm production (testosterone)

Inhibits FSH release from pituitary (inhibin)

Ovaries, cell pop that creates the hormones

Granulosa cells

What hormones do ovaries produce?

Estrogen and progesterone

What is the action of ovaries?

Stimulates dev of sex characteristics and prepares body for child birth (estrogen)

Contributes to reg of the menstrual cycle and crucial for pregnancy (progesterone)

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

testes

ovaries

Thymus gland

right auricle (flap)

atrium (chamber)

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

fosa ovalis

right ventricle

Right AV valve tricuspid

chorde tendene

papillary muscles

ridges, folds trabecule chorde

pulmonary trunk

pumlomary valve, pulmonary semilunar

Right pulmonary artery(blue)

left atrium

pulmonary veins (red)

left auricle

left atrium

Left AV valve, Bicuspid/mitrial valve

left chordea tendene

aortic arch

Aortic valve/ semilunar

Left common coratid

Left suplavian

Brachiosephalic trunk/ artery

7 major organs that will be covered in A&P II

1) Endocrine

2) Circulatory

3) Immune

4) Respiratory

5) Digestive

6) Urinary

7) Reproductive

What is pulmonary circulation?

a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.

What is systemic circulation?

carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again.

What and where is the perdicardium

Located within the thoracic cavity, above myocardium and it’s a thin sac that protects heart from friction

Myocardium

responsible for heart’s pumping action

Left side of the heart

has to pump harder

Right atrium receives?

Oxygen-depleted(deoxygenated) blood from body

Left atrium receives?

Oxygenated blood from lungs

Tricuspid and Bicuspid do what?

help facilitate blood flow

What do semilunar valves do?

Help prevent the backflow of blood into the segment it just exited

Blood flow order

\- Superior and inferior vena cava

\- To the right atria

\- Through the AV valve tricuspid

\- To the right ventricle

\- Through the pulmonary valve

\- To the to the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

\- Through the pulmonary veins

\- To left atrium

\- Through the Bicuspid

\- To aortic valve

\- Through aorta and coronary arteries

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Coronary veins

Drain deoxygenated blood from cardicac muscle

Left/Right Coronary arteries

Supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

Heart conduction

* Begins in bundle of nerve tissue Sinoatrial node(Makes atria contract & blood empties into ventricles
* Impulse then travels to the atrioventricular node
* To the bundle of HIS
* Thr bundle branches
* The purkinje fibers

EKG- Electrocardiogram

Measures the waves of electrical activity of the heart as it beats