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Cell Communication
Process by which cells send and receive signals.
Reception
Detection of signal molecules by target cells.
Transduction
Conversion of signal into a cellular response.
Response
Specific cellular action triggered by a signal.
Receptor Protein
Molecule that binds to signaling molecules.
Ligand
Signal molecule that binds to a receptor.
Phosphorylation Cascade
Amplification of a signal through protein phosphorylation.
Second Messenger
Intracellular molecule that relays signals.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death for organism health.
Local Signaling
Communication between nearby cells.
Long-Distance Signaling
Communication between distant cells via hormones.
Intracellular Receptors
Receptors located inside the cell membrane.
Plasma Membrane Receptors
Receptors that bind water-soluble ligands.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Membrane receptor activated by ligand binding.
G Protein
Molecule that transmits signals from GPCRs.
Epinephrine
Hormone that triggers glucose release from glycogen.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Channels that open or close in response to ligands.
Hydrophobic Signal Molecules
Molecules that can cross the plasma membrane.
Testosterone
Hormone that binds to intracellular receptors.
Growth Factors
Local regulators that stimulate cell growth.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers in local signaling.
Cell Activity Change
Alteration in cell function due to ion flow.
Conformational Change
Structural alteration of a receptor upon ligand binding.
Signaling molecule
Also known as a ligand, initiates cell communication.
Ligand-gated ion channel
Receptor that opens in response to ligand binding.
Signal transduction
Process of converting a signal into a cellular response.
Phosphorylation cascade
Sequential activation of proteins through phosphate addition.
Protein kinases
Enzymes that add phosphate groups to activate proteins.
Protein phosphatases
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups, inactivating proteins.
Second messengers
Small molecules relaying signals within the cell.
Cyclic AMP
Common second messenger activated by epinephrine binding.
Calcium ions
Second messenger involved in various signaling pathways.
Transcription factor
Molecule that regulates gene expression in response to signals.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, crucial for development and homeostasis.
Feedback mechanism
System maintaining homeostasis through self-regulation.
Cellular response
Outcome of signaling pathways affecting cell behavior.
Epinephrine
First messenger that triggers signaling pathways in cells.
Homeostasis
Stable internal condition maintained by feedback control.
Cell communication
Process of cells sending and receiving signals.
Cellular activities
Functions regulated by signaling pathways in cells.
Molecular interactions
Connections between molecules that relay signals.
Gene regulation
Control of gene expression via signaling pathways.
Cytoskeleton rearrangement
Structural changes in the cell influenced by signaling.
Uncontrolled cell division
Result of signaling errors, often linked to cancer.
Cell-to-cell communication
Interaction between cells through chemical signals.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal environment despite external changes.
Negative Feedback
Response reduces stimulus to return to set point.
Positive Feedback
Response amplifies stimulus, enhancing change.
Set Point
Target value for physiological variables like temperature.
Sensors
Detect changes in the internal environment.
Physiological Response
Action taken to restore set point.
PTH (Parathormone)
Hormone regulating calcium levels in blood.
Calcium Homeostasis
Balance of calcium levels in the bloodstream.
Interphase
Phase of the cell cycle where cell prepares to divide.
Cyclins
Proteins regulating progression through the cell cycle.
CDKs (Cyclin-dependent Kinases)
Enzymes activated by cyclins to control cell cycle.
Mitosis
Process of cell division producing identical daughter cells.
Genome
Complete set of genetic information in a cell.
Diploid
Cell with two sets of chromosomes (46 in humans).
Haploid
Cell with one set of chromosomes (23 in gametes).
Meiosis
Special cell division producing gametes with half chromosomes.
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome joined at centromere.
Chromosome Structure
DNA molecule organized into a compact form for division.
Cell Cycle Duration
Time from cell formation to division into two cells.
Ecosystem Feedback
Interactions affecting homeostasis at ecosystem level.
Exercise Response
Body temperature rises, triggering sweating for cooling.
Childbirth Feedback
Uterine contractions increase due to pressure from baby.
Normal Blood Calcium Level
Approximately 10 mg/100 mL in healthy individuals.
Chromatin
Long, thin fiber of DNA and proteins.
Chromosome
Condensed chromatin containing one DNA molecule.
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome after duplication.
Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Connection of sister chromatids along their lengths.
Centromere
Region where sister chromatids are joined.
Chromosome Duplication
Process of copying chromosomes during S phase.
Mitosis
Division of the cell's nucleus.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cell's cytoplasm after mitosis.
Interphase
Phase where the cell prepares for division.
G₁ Phase
Cell growth and unique function execution.
S Phase
Chromosome duplication occurs alongside cell functions.
G₂ Phase
Preparation for mitosis after chromosome duplication.
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes.
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope fragments; microtubules attach to chromosomes.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
Telophase
Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes.
Cleavage Furrow
Indention in the cell membrane during cytokinesis.
Mitotic Spindle
Microtubules that separate sister chromatids.
Kinetochore
Protein structure where microtubules attach to chromatids.
Microtubules
Cytoskeletal fibers involved in chromosome movement.
Daughter Cells
Resulting cells after mitosis and cytokinesis.
Metaphase Plate
Imaginary line where chromosomes align during metaphase.
Cleavage Furrow
Structure in animal cells dividing cytoplasm.
Cell Plate
Structure in plant cells dividing cytoplasm.
Binary Fission
Prokaryotic genome replication method.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Regulated by a molecular control system.
Cell Cycle Control System
Regulates cell progression through checkpoints.
G₁ Phase Checkpoint
Critical checkpoint for cell cycle progression.
Go Phase
Nondividing phase for cells not receiving signals.
Kinases
Enzymes controlling the cell cycle.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
Enzymes activated by cyclins for cell cycle signals.
