Exam 2 Patho UTA Urban

innate resistance

protection from pathogens that does not rely on previous exposure to the pathogen. Defenses we are born with.

First line of defense

intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, normal microbiota

second line of defense

protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis - nonspecific. Immediate. Calls in 3rd line

third line of defense

Immunocyte Response. Acquired defense

Antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

passive acquired immunity

Transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the mother to the fetus in utero. Immediate, Powerful. Disease Specific. Short lived, temporary

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Neutrophils

Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Leak Inflammatory Mediators

T and B cells

two types of lymphocytes

Degranulation

the emptying of granules from the interior of a mast cell into the extracellular environment.

granulating tissue

pink, healthy, healing tissue

Granuloma

a general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis

inflammatory response

Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature

Exudates

fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation

SIRS

systematic inflammatory response syndrome. Normal inflammation goes into overdrive.

Hand symptoms

Fever over 100.4

HR above 100

RR above 20

High WBC

Unexplained Mental Changes

Sepsis

SIRS + infection

Septic Shock

sepsis + uncontrollable decreased blood pressure

Prostaglandins

Intensify histamine and kinin effect. Cell membrane, created via arachidonic pathway

protective prostaglandins

PGs with protective characteristics

Pro-inflammatory Prostaglandins

stimulate further inflammation by increasing vascular permeability

Induce fever & Pain

Steroids & NSAIDS with Inflammation

Suppressing the protective PGs and pro inflammatory PGs

allergic hypersensitivity

Over response of the body to a specific substance. Environmental allergen

IgE

Mast cell become sensitized to allergen antigen. Systemic or local

Local-Hives, Rash, Redness

Systemic- Itching, Urticaria, Angioedema

autoimmune hypersensitivity

Loss of the Immune System to Recognize Self. Self-Antigen Attack

MS

T-Cells attack Myelin Sheath. Tissue Specific

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. Attack on acetylcholine receptors. Tissue Specific

celiac disease

disease caused by sensitivity to gluten. Tissue Specific

Tissue Specific Autoimmune

Good Pasture Dzs- lungs and kidneys

Graves Dzs Hyperthyroidism

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

systemic autoimmune diseases

SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)

rheumatoid arthritis

progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Lupis (SLE)

Autoantibody + Nucleic Acid Immune Complex

Infiltrates tiny blood vessels

glomerulonephritis

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.

Autoantibody + Collagen immune complex

Osteoarthritis (OA)

progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces. Age related

alloimmune hypersensitivity

antibody attack on another persons antigen

Body doing its job

Not a true hypersensitivity

Seen in transplants and transfusions; compatibility issues

blood transfusion reactions

1. allergic: hives, pruritis, wheezing; antihistamines (allergy to plasma protein)

2. anaphylactic: similar but more sever; seen in IgA deficient people. Dyspnea, bronchospasm, hypotension, shock

3. acute hemolytic transfusion reaction: ABO mismatch; type II hypersensitivity.

chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain (tachypnea, tachycardia, hemoglobinuria/jaundice)

Universal blood donor

O negative

A+ blood type

Can receive A+, A-, O+, O-

A- Blood type

can receive A- and O-

B+ blood type

Can receive B+, B-, O+, O-

B- Blood Type

B-, O-

AB blood type

Can receive AB+, AB-, A+, A-, O+, O-, B-, B+

UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

O+ blood type

Can receive O+, O-

O- blood type

O-

immunodeficiency

immune system with decreased or compromised response to disease-causing organisms

DiGeorge Syndrome

congenital absence of the thymus gland

HIV diagnosis

1st ELISA, then Western blot

AIDS diagnosis

< or = 200 CD4+, HIV positive w/ AIDS indicator condition (e.g., PCP) or CD4/CD8 ratio <1.5

Thrush, Pneumocystic, PCP, Karposi

transmission-based precautions

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases from people suspected to be infected or colonized with highly transmissible pathogens that require measures beyond standard precautions to interrupt transmission, specifically, airborne, droplet, and contact precautions

Standard Precautions

A strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and other body fluids are infectious.

Hand washing

Gloves

Mask

Gowns

contact precautions

Methods of infection control that must be used for patients known or suspected to be infected with epidemiological microorganisms that can be transmitted by either direct or indirect contact.

Exposure with body fluids

Salmonella, Hep. B, HIV

Droplet precautions

spiderman! sepsis, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis, parvovirus, pneumonia, pertussis,

influenza,

diptheria,

epiglottitis,

rubella,

mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia, adeNovirus

(Private room and mask)

Airborne precautions

used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. N95 Mask

Chicken Pox, Tb

True

Most specific Infectious Disease are categorized by portal of entry

antibiotic resistance

Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.

Beta Lactam

MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

an infection caused by specific bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics

VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus)

a strain of the bacterium enterococcus that is resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin; infections occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, urinary tract, or surgical wounds.

Nosocomial

ID- Breach of Skin & Mucous Membrane

Cellulitis, Botulism, Tetanus, Rabies, Malaria, Ebola, Zika

ID- Respiratory Tract

Strep throat, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Mumps, Measles; rubeola, rubella, Varicella, Variola, Zoster, Influenza

ID- GI Tract

Shigella, Salmonella, Dysentery, giardiasis, antibiotic resistant diarrhea

Leukemia

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition.

Uncontrolled proliferation of WBC (leukocytosis)

Low RBC and Platelet (thrombocytopenia)

Ease of infection

Anemia

lymphoma

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphadenopathy) painless mass in lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy-enlarged lymph nodes

Anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells

fatigue, weakness, SOB, due to alteration in 02 carrying capacity

hypoxemia- hypoxia of tissue cells

hypersplenism

condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate.

Splenomegaly

Microcytic anemia

cells smaller than normal

macrocytic anemia

A form of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells

Normocytic anemia

normal size and appearance

Polycythemia Vera (PV)

chronic, clonal alteration characterized by overproduction (excessive proliferation) of red blood cells in marrow accompanied by splenomegaly; neoplastic condition involving abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self-destructive expansion of red cells; cause remain unknown (erythropoietin remains normal); due to increased blood volume and viscosity, hyper-coagulable states result in clogging and occluding blood vessels; tissue injury (ischemia) and death (infarction) is the result; manifestations include plethora (ruddy, red color) and engorgement of retinal and cerebral veins

secondary polycythemia

from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

Frank Bleeding

Obvious bleeding

Frequent & copious nose bleeding

ecchymosis, petechiae, purpura

Occult bleeding

hidden bleeding

Slow GI bleeding

Thrombocytopenia

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

vonWillebrand's Disease

defective platelet adhesion, most common hemorrhagic disorder

thrombocytosis

an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

thrombus

stationary blood clot

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

Malaria

Protozoa infects RBC's causing RBC's hemolysis and the release of acute phase reactants

Rabies

vector borne viruses which cause dyspaghgia and brain inflammation in CNS

Rubella (German Measles)

Virus causes mild fever and rash but has a teratogenic effect on fetus

MRSA

normal skin bacteria that is now resistant to beta-lactam antibx. Nosocomial

Viral Diarrhea

mild vomitting and watery diarrhea

bacterial diarrhea

non-bloody diarrhea caused by E. coli contaminated beef. i.e Salmonella

Influenze

URI that can be prevented with a yearly vaccine

VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus)

Normal bowel flora become resistant to vancomycin

herpes zoster (shingles)

S & S include painful skin lesions that follow the path of the dermatome

Variola

virus which causes fever and painful bustles in the mouth & esophagus that may hemorrhage

Rubeola

Dense red maculopapular rash results from a virus that is transmitted by droplets from coughs and sneezes

Giardiasis

protozoa that causes greasy, frothy, foul smelling diarrhea

Resistant Strep Pneumonia

a bacteria, which causes middle ear infections, that is now resistant to penicillin antibiotics

Varicella

S & S include fluid filled blisters that start out on the trunk and move outward. The blisters will appear and crust at different times.

Tetanus

Bacillus found in the soil that can releases an endotoxin called tetanospasm. AKA lockjaw

Cellulitis

Breach in dermis infection

antibiotic associated diarrhea

yellowish diarrhea caused from C-diff

Mumps

Virus that invades parotid glands

Pertussis

invades respiratory tract causing violent coughing

Ameobic dysentery

bloody diarrhea caused by protozoa

Bacillary (shigella) Dysentery

bloody diarrhea caused by a bacillus

Botulism

S & S include descending, systemic muscle paralysis

Diptheria

Bacteria that causes the formation of a pseudomembrane across tonsils & throat