social psych

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154 Terms

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Social Psychology
Study of how thoughts, feelings, behaviors are influenced by the real and imagined presence of other people
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Social Influence
shapes our thoughts and feelings as well as our overt acts and it takes many forms other than deliberate attempts at persuasion
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Construal
how people perceive, comprehend, interpret the social world
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Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency to explain our own and others behavior solely on personality traits underestimating the power of social influence and the immediate situation
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Gestalt Psychology
history of construal, the subjective way an object appears in your mind
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Naive Realism
a kind of construle where you underestimating how much we are interpreting what we see. assuming we see things as they really are
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self esteem motive
need to feel good about our self, can cause us to justify bad things, impede change and self improvement
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social cognition motive
need to be accurate
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social cognition
study of how people select, interpret, remember, use information to make judgements and decisions
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Confirmation Bias
looking for information that is consistent with preexisting beliefs
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Hindsight Bias
outcome is known and you exaggerate how much you could have predicted it before it occurred
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observational method
describe a behavior or type of behavior. observing people and taking measurements of their behavior
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ethnography
method of understanding a group by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions
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archival analysis
examining accumulated documents of a culture
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correlational method
predicts behavior, the relationship between two variables is measured
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experimental method
answers causal questions, independent and dependent variable
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Internal validity
how much only the IV determines the DV. it is achieved by random assignment and controlled extraneous variables
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external validity
how much the experiment represents the real world, generalizability across situation and people.
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psychological realism
extent where psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life
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basic dilemma of social psychologist
tradeoff between internal and external validity
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automatic thinking
thought that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
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schema
mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world
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accessibility
extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of the mind and therefore likely to be used to make judgements about the social world. Due to past experience, expertise, goal state, recent experiences
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priming
process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. automatic thinking
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self fulfilling prophecy
1 - expectation about another person 2 - act in a specific way towards that person 3 - person responds in a way that the person expected because of how the person is treated 4 - expectation comes true
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Heurisitcs
mental shortcuts to make quick and efficient decisions
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availability heuristic
rely on how easily different examples come to mind to lead to a conclusion. a judgement that is based on the ease you can bring things to mind
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representative heurisitic
mental shortcut to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
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base rate information
information about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population
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analytical thinking style
western, type of thinking where people focus on the properties of object without considering their surrounding context
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holistic thinking style
type of thinking where people focus on overall context and ways objects relate to each other. Eastern
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controlled thinking
thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, effortful
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counterfactual thinking
mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. it is a heuristic
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planning fallacy
tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon a project will be completed even when they have failed to get similar projects down on time in the past
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Attribution Theory
study of how we infer the causes of other people’s behavior
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Internal attributions
explanations that assigns the causes of other people’s behavior internally
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external attributions
something in the situation cause the person’s behavior
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covariation model
examine multiple behaviors from different times and situations to answer how a person’s behavior changes across time, place, and target. Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency
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Perceptual Salience
we pay attention to what we see so we think about them and assume they alone cause their behavior. unable to see the situation so we overlook it
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two step attribution process
Characterization (internal attribution is made spontaneously and quickly) and Correction (adjust so we consider the situation).
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self serving attributions
made when self esteem is threatened, bad things are due to external attributions, good things are internal attributions
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Belief is a Just World
assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. victim blame (internal attributions on victim so you think it won’t happen to you)
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Bias Blind Spot
think that others are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are
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self concept
overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes. what makes me who I am
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independent sense of self
defining self in terms of own thoughts, feelings, actions, Western
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interdependent sense of self
defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to others and recognizing behavior is determined by thoughts and feelings and actions of others. eastern
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functions of self
self knowledge, self control, impression management, and self esteem
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self knowledge
way we understand who we are and organize that information
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introspection
looking inwards and examining the inside info we have about out thoughts, feelings, motives
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self awareness theory
when focused on ourselves, we evaluate, compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values
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self perception theory
our attitude and feelings are uncertain and ambiguous we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
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two factor theory of emotion

1. experience physiological arousal
2. seek explanation
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misattribution of arousal
people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
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intrinsic motivation
desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it not due to external rewards/punishments
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extrinsic motivation
desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards/punishments not because we enjoy the task
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over justification effect
we think behavior is caused by extrinsic motivations that we underestimate how much they are caused by intrinsic motivations
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Social Comparison Theory
we learn about own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourself to others
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upward social comparison
comparing ourself to someone who is better than you at a trait/task, inferior feeling
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downward social comparison
comparing ourself to someone that is worse than we are at a ability
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self control
ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long term goals
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implementation intention
specific plans about when where how goals will be fulfilled and temptations will be avoided
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impression management
attempt to get others to see them the way they want to be seen
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ingratiation
using flattery and praise to make yourself likable
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self handicapping
making obstacles/excuses so if you do poor on a task you don’t blame yourself
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behavioral self handicap
acting in a way to reduce chance of success
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reported self handicap
make an excuse so if you fail you have that excuse to fall back on
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attitudes
evaluation of people, objects, ideas that helps us determine how we behave
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Cognitive Component of attitude
thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object
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affective component of attitude
emotional reaction toward attitude object. can come from sensory reaction like classical conditioning and operant conditioning
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behavioral component of attitude
how people act toward attitude object
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explicit attitudes
we consciously endorse this attitude. usually from more recent experiences
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implicit attitudes
involuntary, uncontrollable, unconscious evaluations. can be rooted in childhood
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attitude accessibility
strength of the association between an object and an evaluation of it, how fast you can report how you feel about an object. when this is stronger, the higher chance spontaneous behavior is consistent with attitude
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theory of planned behavior
time to contemplate how they are going to behave we predict by


1. attitude towards specific behavior
2. subjective norms (how others care/feel about it)
3. perceived behavioral control (how easy it is to do)
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sleeper effect
when you read a message, are given a discounting cue, and acknowledge the inaccuracy of the message but later on you forget the discounting cue
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elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
when people will be influenced by what the speech says and when they will be influence by superficial characteristics
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central route to persuasion
people are motivated and able to pay attention to facts in communication. better the facts the more persuasion. attitude change lasts
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peripheral route to persuasion
when not motivated or able to pay attention so surface characteristics matter more, attitude is temporary
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subliminal messages
words or pictures that are no consciously perceived but may influence people’s judgements, attitudes, behaviors. only work under highly controlled situations
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attitude inoculation
if you are given small argument against your position, you can be immune to a stronger argument later on so attitude is not changed
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reactance theory
when freedom is threatened, we want to do that behavior more
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cognitive dissonance
discomfort you feel when 2 cognitions conflict, you act in a way that is inconsistent with your conception of self
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postdecision dissonance
after you make decision you think of positives for the thing you chose and negatives for the thing you didn’t chose
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illusionary irrevocability
a decision that isn’t permanent but feels like it is
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Justification of Effort
if you worked hard to attain something, there is a higher chance you will like it
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counter attitudinal behavior
acting in a way that is inconsistent with your private beliefs
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external justification
explaining that something about the situation or environment caused the counterattitudinal behavior
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internal justification
changing your attitude or behavior when there is not sufficient external justifications.
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Insufficient punishment
when the external justification is not high enough to resist an activity so you believe you resist the activity for internal justifications
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hypocrisy induction
when people are made aware of the dissonance between what they are doing and what they are preaching to others.
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self affirmation theory
focusing on affirming competence on a dimension that is unrelated to the threat
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self evaluation maintenance theory
experience dissonance in relationships when


1. we are close to another person
2. they are outperforming us in an area
3. that area is central to our self esteem
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narcissism
excessive self love and lack of empathy towards others
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terror management theory
self esteem as a buffer to protect from terrifying thoughts about death
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conformity
changing behavior due to real or imagined influence of others
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informational social influence
in ambiguous, crisis situations or when someone is an expert we turn to others interpretations in order for us to choose the appropriate action. need to be accurate.
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private acceptance
conform to behavior of others and believe that it is correct
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public compliance
conform to the behavior of others but not believing it
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normative social influence
conform to implicit or explicit group norms in order to be liked/accepted
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social norms
implicit or explicit rules that a group has for acceptable behaviors, values, beliefs for members