study set

Phosophilipids

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate

Cholesterol

Helps to stabilize the plasma membrane

Integral proteins

Extend into or across lipid layer

Peripheral proteins

Inner or outer surface of membrane. Can be stripped

Glycoprotein

Protien with one or more carbohydrate attached. Face outward

Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration of a chemical between plasma membrane

Electrical gradient

Difference in concentration between ions

What affects diffusion

Steepness, temperature, mass, distance

Simple diffusion

no polar, respiratory gasses (O2, CO2, lipids)

Facilitated diffusion

Needs help with diffusion. Channel mediated ions. Carrier mediated. Attraction.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water over semipermeable membrane.

Isotonic

no net water movement; no change in size of cell; ideal condition

Hypotonic

water will enter the cell; cell will swell

Hypertonic

The cell will shrink. Water leaves cell.

Primary Active Transport

Transport comes directly from the breakdown of ATP (cell energy)

Secondary Active Transport

Energy derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration

Endocytosis

materials move into cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.

Phagocytosis

ingestion of solid particles

Sodium Ion Potassium pump

protein pump that uses ATP to

move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

Pinocytosis

ingestion of extracellular fluid

Receptor mediated endocytosis

the selective uptake of large molecules

and particles by the cell

Exocytosis

process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport.

Centrosomes

Dense areas, paired cylinders

Helps organize during cell division

Ribosome

Tiny spheres consist of RNA

Site for protein synthesis

Golgi Complex

Flattened sacs

Process, sort, and deliver proteins and lipids

Autophagy

digests worn out organelles

Autolysis

digestion of cellular contents

Rough ER

continuous with the nuclear membrane

and has outer surface of ribosomes

Smooth ER

extends from the Rough ER to form

tubules. Does not contain ribosomes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transport substances, releases calcium for muscle contraction

Prophase

FIRST - breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes.

Metaphase

SECOND - linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell.

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell.In

Telophase

formation of two new daughter nuclei.

Promoter

Region binding site for RNA

Carbohydrate

Quick short term energy. Sugar. Glycoside bond

Lipid

Long term energy. Insulation. Fatty. Glycerol + fatty acid.

Steroids

Include hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

Saturated lipid

NO double bonds, usually solid

Unsaturated

1+ double bonds. Usually liquid

Proteins

Structure, enzyme, transport, movement. Built amino acids. Peptide bond.

Nucleic Acids

Store and transmit genetic information. Built nucleotides. Phosphodiester bond.

Purine

Adenine, Guanine

2 rings 🔵🔵

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

1 ring 🔵