Who is the leader of the Congress of Vienna?
Metternich of Austria
Congress of Vienna
redrew map of Europe due to Napoleonâs reign
leader: Metternich
Hardenburg: Prussia
Castlereagh: England
Alexander I: Russia
Tallegrand: France
The Age of Metternich
reactionary: Metternich wanted to go back to monarchy/old regime ways
the people wanted a constitutional monarchy
Quintuple Alliance contains?
Metternich: Austria
Hardenburg: Prussia
Castlereagh: England
Alexander I: Russia
Tallegrand: France
Tallegrand
smart choice of Metternich to include him
revolutionary believer
eloquent speaker
What political beliefs were pushing back against Metternich?
Liberalism
natural law
Nationalism
Liberalism
emerged for economic reasons
believed in individualism
Adam Smithâs The Wealth of Nations
gov. should not restrict the economy
should not mess with the ânatural lawâ
Natural Law (Liberalism)
believed in constitutional monarchy
believed humans could do what they wanted without gov. to control them
instilled in human nature to compete and want profit
Nationalism in The Age of Metternich
just started growing due to Austriaâs three major ethnic groups:
Germanic
Magyar
Slovick
Socialism: Utopian
ppl used this term as an insult/ they were seen as fools
Robert Owen
used to see how factories treated its ppl and didnât like it
New Lanark: the factory that he owned
888 Law: created 8 hr work, 8 hr leisure, and 8 hr of sleep for workers
developed a daycare
made the kids have a free education
tried making a similar factory in the US but failed after 5 yrs
created unions= Grand Union
Socialism: Orthodox (Communism)
Fredrick Engles:
ran a factory and didnât like the treatment of workers
wrote The Condition of The Working Class of England
âAlways think of sins of commission than sins of omissionâ
met Carl Marx and they wrote The Communist Manifesto
markâs philosophical ideas + Engles knowledge
The Communist Manifesto
written by Marx and Engles
said class struggle will happen which will lead to more working class
Bourgeiouse vs Working Class
Marx took the ideas from Hegel
his ideas were metaphysical
wanted ppl to find the truth (God)
Mark was atheist â instead of Hegelâs truths he sought his âthesisâ and found an âantithesisâ to come up with a new conclusion
Socialism: Revisionism
âEvolutionary Socialismâ / âSocial Democraticâ
revised orthodox ways â didnât like promoting revolution for change
believed change should evolve through government
wanted to put the right ppl in charge
if working class could vote they could put ppl with their ideas in mind
needs: wanted strong infrastructure, education, healthcare
The Fabians
funded the London School of Economics
they believed in all of the social democrat beliefs especially education
Socialism
focuses on the distribution of whatâs produced to society
Italy Unification (3 ppl)
Mazzini created Young Italy
nationalist but not irrational
worked w/ Camillo Cavour
âarchitect of Unificationâ
was prime minister of Piedmont Sardinia
Giuseppe Garibaldi
created The Red Shirts (an army)
drove Austria out of Italy
risorgimento
to unify the country/ resurgence (Italy)
Lateran Treaty
The Vatican was accepted as an independant state
German Unification
shifts the balance of power in Europe
Austria is not included into Germany
this was decided by Prussia
Otto Von Bismarck
super charismatic and well educated
married Johanna whoâs super religious while heâs not
practiced Machivelle ideas
became the chancelor (second in command) of Prussia
leader was Wilhelm
they met each other bcs they stole money to advance Prussia/modernize it then they got elected
strongest of diplomats !
wanted to indutrialize Prussia
Zollverein
means customs union
for German unification
ppl could travel between states with no passaport plus not deal with taxes
Kleindeutsh
Little Germany
excludes Austria
Grossdeutsch
Greater Germany
includes Austria
3 Steps for German Unification
Denmark
7 Weeks War
Franco-Prussian War
Denmark (German Unification)
Schleswig + Holstein
territories in Germany but Bismark wanted to start a war
asked Austrian Empire for an alliance
Schleswig = Prussia (annexed Austria)
Holstien = Austria
this set up caused problems and angered the Austrians causing them to start war against Prussia
7 Weeks War (German Unification)
Austria vs Prussia
Prussia defeats Austria
Bismarck didnât let the soldiers embarrass the Austrians because he didnât want them to hold a grudge and needed a good relationship
Prussia won due to modernized military + industrialization !
Peace of Prague
set up the North German Confederation
34 states agreed to be united with Prussia while 4 others did not
the 4 agreed that if the N.G.C were attacked they would defend them
Franco- Prussian War
Bismarck (he sent letters that were thought made by Wilhelm) embarrased France and declared war
Parisians were the last to give up â lived in terrible circumstances during the war/ no food
Wilhalm + Bismarck went to the Hall of Mirrors and declared the unification of Germany !!
Adolphe Thiers
became the temporary head of France during franco-Prussian war
setteled meeting in Versaille to talk of peace
Versaille wasnât considered French territory
fought against the Commune and defeated them
joined The Third Republic
Commune
ppl against Adolphe Thiers
ppl were angered abt losing to Germany
had military support so tried defeating Adolphe but they lost
tons of ppl were executed
Dreyfus Affair (Dreyfus + Story+ Effect)
Alfred Dreyfus
Jewish
born in Alsace-Lorraine (territory between France + Germany)
bilingual
patriot
joined the French army and became 1st Jewish officer in the General Staff
Story:
ppl realized that someone was spilling secrets to the Germans â suspected Dreyfus bcs heâs Jewish
accused of treason and then imprisoned
Effect:
divided Germany
anti-Dreyfusars â amti-semetic
Dreyfusars â for honor
opened pplâs eyes to the anti-Semitism in Europe !
Dreyfus Affair (other ppl invovled)
Piequart
general officer
tried defending Dreyfus
gov. shut him down and sent him away
Emile Zola
wrote I Accuse
lists ppl who lied and sold stories in the army
wanted to cover for Dreyfus
almost jailed for this but he escaped to the US
Esterhazy
actual offender
was found guilty after 3 trials
Piequart realized it was him due to his handwriting
Impressionism Qualities
rejected previous themes/movements in mythology + history
art focused on fragmentary perception
irrationalism â leading up to WWI
not interested in the complete picture
used relative color: diff shades of color due to the light changing
visible brush strokes
everything is moving â Industrialization/motion
photography emerged due to this !
Japanese influence
didnât need symmetry
block prints
Artist that Inspired Impressionism
Manet
Renior
Pizarro
were all rejected by the Salon
said their art was ânot finishedâ
the artists created their own exhibit
Long Term Causes of WWI
MAINI
Militarism
Mandatory military training
Schlieffen Plan
Alliances
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungrary, Italy
Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia
Imperialism
Colonial Rivalies
race to expand eachs empire
Bismarck helped split Africa to other European nations â called himself the âThe Honest Brokerâ
Nationalism
Austrian-Hungarian empire
Pan-Slovism - wanted to be recognized and join together
Italy - wanted to expand itâs empire
International Anarchy
there was no effective organization to communicate problems to other countries
Short Term Causes of WWI
Franz Ferdinand
heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary
was murdered by the Black Hand and ppl thought Serbia was behind it â
Serbia was a Slovick state and Slovicks wanted to be independent
Blank Check
Austria-Hungary checked w Germany if they could attack Serbia â Germany said they had their full support â
Ultimatum to Serbia
there were 6 major points and Serbia only agreed to 5 which started the war â
Russia Mobilizes
this freaks Germany out â sent an ultimatum to Russia â declare war on France
Belgiumâs Treaty of Neutrality
Germany didnât respect the treaty and marched through Belgium â UK to declare war on Germany â Japan joins in later â Italy claims to be neutral even though they had an alliance with Germany
What were peopleâs reaction towards the war?
âJolly Little Warâ
thought this war would be short
everyone excited to go volunteer
tons of propoganda
Schlieffen Plan
âwar on two frontsâ
assumed France would be easy to overthrow
general said that German soldiers should first fight France and then fight Russia
in reality the Germans mobilized slower than anticipated
Main Weapons during the War
Mustard Gas
started chemical warfare
also affected civilians
Planes
stood above others â sort of honor doing this
overhead bombings
Machine Guns
were added to planes
used in the trenches
no one could move an inch due to this
Submarines
this was how the US got involved
could go unnoticed underwater
liberty to go wherever and attack
Tanks
invokes powerlessness in soldiers
used in the Battle of Somme
Total War / Home Front
soldiers didnât like civilians
St Augustine wrote The Just Theory of War
unethical to engage in warfare that intentionally affected ppl / could only attack soldiers
home front â women made weapons
the civilians were included in the war
sparked nationalism w propaganda
Dardanelles Strait/ Suez Canal
waterways that turkey controlled
this left Russia at a loss due to them blocking their way to give them supplies
Gallipoli Campaign â plan to overtake the Dardanelles Strait/ thought to be brilliant idea if it was successful
Somme River
most gruesome battle
âTo bleed France whiteâ was the goal for Germany
the hill was nicknamed âDead Manâs Hillâ
Break of Day in the Trenches - Isaac Rosenberg
âThe darkness crumbles away.
It is the same old druid Time as ever, Only a live thing leaps my hand,
A queer dardonic rat,
As I pull the parapetâs poppy
To stick behind my earâŠâ
insightful of the life in the trenches
how bodies nurish the ground
ratâs âneutralâ, doesnât care about sides
shows worldy sympathy/ their ppl are dying
The Hero - Siegfried Sassoon
âJack fell as heâd have wished,â the Mother said,
And folded up the letter that sheâd read.
âThe Colonel writes so nicely.â Something broke
In the tired voice that quavered to a choke.
Sassoon argued that if they wanted ppl to know abt the war they needed to expose them to it
debates wheter the parent should be told the truth?
is it brave or cowardly?
4 Reasons the US Joined The War:
to make the world âsafe for democracyâ - Woodrow Wilson
Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
they donât know who really sent it
lended Britain money and they needed to get the money back after they won
4 Things the Dadaist Were Protesting
barbaric nature of Europe â the war how children died
upper/middle class values
they started the war and continued it â Dadaists called them greedy
oppressive intellectual rigidity
schools
rejected standard approach to understanding
anti-art
had aesthetic beauty or had meaning
they said that art should have no meaning or be interpreted
Dadaism
artistic + literary movement
nonsensical
âwe members of the Dada movement merely hold up a mirror to the timesâ
after effect of the war
nothing made sense anymore â how could they have faith in a society who murdered thousands of ppl
belief came from Zurich
nihilism - holding nothing sacred
Manifesto of Surrealism (4) - Breton
outlines Freudâs discovery of human psyche
conscious/rational side vs. unconscious/irrational side
the uncon. side was considered instinctual
way to happiness = free to express personal desires
Freud said ppl have 2 drive: sex or violence
unconscious mind is the wellspring of imagination
imagination comes from being uncensored
genius = accessibility to the nation
to get to the uncon. mind: dreaming, hypnotic trances, uncon. writing
Surrealism
translates to: beyond reality
literary + artistic movement
âImagination is keyâ
17th (scientific) + 18th (applications of math and ideas) eras suppressed the aspect of the uncon. mind
Breton: wrote the Manifesto of Surrealism
was in the Dada movement but got bored of nonsensical
said that Dadaists missed the meaning of interior life
he was convinced the uncon. mind produced imagination
Points in the Treaty of Versaille
Germany lost all their colonies
Alsace-Loraine territory became French
pay 33 billion dollars in repreation
lost 1/8 of their land, 1/6 of their agrigcultural production, and 1/2 coal (Germanyâs energy source)
Restrictions for Germany in the Treaty of Versaille (5)
Rhilden was demilitarized
peace of territory between France + Germany
Army limited only to 100,000 troops
No planes, tanks, or submarines
Only 6 Warships
Article 231: âGermany was solely responsible for starting the war and her alliesâ
jab at allies
hard hit bcs that means that they were responsible for the thousands of dead
Paris Peace Treaty/ Treaty of Versaille
32 nations attended
everyone who fought against the Allies was not invited
Tallegrand was invited
Russia was absent â civil war happening
George Clemenceau led the meeting
made decision for two German men to sign the treaty in the Hall of Mirrors
intentional revenge + humiliation
Victorio Orlando got mad bcs he thought Italy should benefit too
Qualities in Faschist States: (7)
creates a Totalitarian State
gov. controls everything
Personal Dictatorship
person believes theyâre above the law
Stateism
defined as glorification of the state
individuality insât important
irrational nationalism
glorifys war + use of violence to achieve their goals
Opposition is Destroyed
donât mind violence
Propaganda Machine
ensures the support of the ppl
censors information
Secret Police
all states would have a hidden gov. to go after ppl
Racism
a group whoâs targeted with hate (religion, race, class)