ch15 study

The two main categories of immune defense are ______.

innate

Innate immunity is also called ______ immunity.

nonspecific

Adaptive immunity is also called ______ immunity.

specific (or acquired)

The immune system protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria viruses fungi and ______.

parasites

______ tissue serves as an important physical barrier to microbial infection.

epithelial

A secreted enzyme that helps destroy bacteria is ______.

lysozyme

Tears and saliva help protect against infection partly because they contain ______.

lysozyme

The immune system often recognizes foreign cells by detecting pathogen-associated molecular ______.

patterns (PAMPs)

A well-known PAMP found in gram-negative bacteria is ______.

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Toll-like receptors help the body detect ______.

pathogens (or PAMPs)

Binding of toll-like receptors on dendritic cells and macrophages to bacterial LPS stimulates secretion of ______.

cytokines

______ help integrate innate and adaptive immune responses.

cytokines

Cytokines are chemical messengers released by immune ______.

cells

______ is part of innate immunity and can help destroy pathogens.

complement

______ are proteins that help protect against viral infection.

interferons

Alpha and beta interferons help inhibit viral ______ and assembly.

replication

Interferons are part of ______ immunity.

innate

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukins can help stimulate ______.

inflammation

Neutrophils and monocytes are types of ______ blood cells.

white

Neutrophils and monocytes can leave the bloodstream by a process called ______.

diapedesis

The movement of leukocytes out of blood vessels into tissues is also called ______.

emigration

The chemical attraction of phagocytes to a site of infection is called ______.

chemotaxis

The first leukocytes to arrive at an inflamed site are usually ______.

neutrophils

Monocytes can differentiate into ______ in tissues.

macrophages

Specialized phagocytic cells in the liver are called ______ cells.

Kupffer

Specialized phagocytic cells in the central nervous system are called ______.

microglia

Cells that are primarily phagocytic include macrophages microglia and ______ cells.

Kupffer

The local inflammatory response is part of ______ immunity.

innate

Mast cells help increase capillary ______ during inflammation.

permeability

A lack of mast cells would likely reduce capillary ______.

permeability

Phagocytic leukocytes involved in inflammation generally do not ______ the bloodstream after entering tissues.

reenter

Both innate and adaptive immune processes are important for the inflammatory ______.

response

Fever can increase neutrophil activity and ______ production.

interferon

Fever is commonly promoted by cytokines such as IL-1 IL-6 and tumor necrosis ______.

factor (TNF)

Interferon would ______ typically be expected to directly cause fever in the same way as IL-1 or IL-6.

not

Lymphocytes are involved in ______ immune responses.

adaptive

B lymphocytes are primarily involved in ______ immunity.

humoral

T lymphocytes are primarily involved in ______-mediated immunity.

cell

Natural killer cells help combat virally infected cells transplanted tissue and ______ cells.

cancer (or tumor)

Monocytes are more associated with ______ and innate defense than with direct adaptive immunity.

phagocytosis

The cell type that combats most bacterial infections is the ______.

neutrophil

T lymphocytes in adults are found primarily in the lymph nodes and ______.

spleen

The ______ is not a secondary lymphoid organ.

thymus

Secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen tonsils and ______ nodes.

lymph

T lymphocytes mature in the ______.

thymus

B lymphocytes develop in the bone ______.

marrow

Small organic molecules that are not antigenic by themselves are called ______.

haptens

The ability of antibodies to enhance phagocytosis is called ______.

opsonization

Antibodies are important in adaptive ______ immunity.

humoral

Antibodies help tag pathogens for destruction by ______ cells.

phagocytic (or phagocyte)