Lab 8: Urinary System Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology

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Physiology

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1
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What are the basic functions of the urinary system?

Maintenance of homeostasis, most directly performed by the kidneys which also function in:

  • Removal of metabolic wastes

  • Maintenance of fluid balance, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure

  • Regulation of erythropoiesis

  • Detoxification

  • Activation of vitamin D

  • Gluconeogenesis

2
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What is the pathway by which blood flows through the kidneys.

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → interlobular artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → interlobular vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

<p>Renal artery → segmental artery → inter<strong>lobar</strong> artery → arcuate artery → inter<strong>lobular</strong> artery → <strong>a</strong>fferent arteriole → glomerulus → <strong>e</strong>fferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → inter<strong>lobular</strong> vein → arcuate vein → inter<strong>lobar</strong> vein → renal vein</p>
3
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What substances are present in the urine?

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  • Water

  • Creatinine

  • Sodium

  • Ammonia

  • Potassium

  • Uric Acid

  • Chloride

  • Sulfates

  • H+

  • Urea

<p><span><strong>W</strong>ise <strong>C</strong>ats <strong>S</strong>ing <strong>A</strong>bout <strong>P</strong>retty <strong>U</strong>nique <strong>C</strong>hants <strong>S</strong>ecretly, <strong>H</strong>iding <strong>U</strong>ndercover</span></p><ul><li><p><span><strong>W</strong>ater</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>C</strong>reatinine</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>S</strong>odium</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>A</strong>mmonia</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>P</strong>otassium</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>U</strong>ric Acid</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>C</strong>hloride</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>S</strong>ulfates</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>H</strong>+</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>U</strong>rea</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
4
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What substances are there only traces of in the urine?

  • HCO3

  • Calcium

  • Mg++

<ul><li><p>HCO3</p></li><li><p>Calcium</p></li><li><p>Mg++</p></li></ul><p></p>
5
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What substances are absent in the urine?

  • Blood

  • Protein

  • WBCs

  • Glucose

<ul><li><p>Blood</p></li><li><p>Protein</p></li><li><p>WBCs</p></li><li><p>Glucose</p></li></ul><p></p>
6
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Which characteristics of the urine are assessed in a urinalysis?

  1. Color

  2. Translucency

  3. Odor

  4. pH

  5. Specific gravity

7
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What is considered normal for the color of urine in a urinalysis?

Yellow due to urochrome (a hemoglobin breakdown product)

  • May be altered by foods, vitamins, drugs, dyes, and blood

8
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What is considered normal and abnormal for the translucency of urine in a urinalysis?

Normal - transluscent

Abnormal - cloudy, may indicate an infection or large amounts of protein

9
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What is considered normal for the odor of urine in a urinalysis?

Mild odor

  • May be altered by diseased states (ex: diabetes mellitus), infection, and foods

10
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What is considered normal and for the pH of urine in a urinalysis?

6.0

  • May range from 4.5-8.0

11
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What is considered normal and abnormal for the specific gravity of urine in a urinalysis?

1.001-1.035

12
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What does specific gravity measure in a urinalysis?

The concentration of dissolved solids in urine

  • Indicates hydration levels and kidney function

13
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List and draw the structures of a nephron.

Renal corpuscle

  • Glomerulus

  • Glomerular capsule

Renal tubule

  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

  • Loop of Henle

  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

<p><strong>Renal corpuscle</strong></p><ul><li><p>Glomerulus</p></li><li><p>Glomerular capsule</p></li></ul><p><strong>Renal tubule</strong></p><ul><li><p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Loop of Henle</p></li><li><p>Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)</p></li></ul><p></p>
14
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What are the functions of a nephron (and it’s divisions)?

  • Blood filtering

  • Reabsorption of nutrients, water, and ions

  • Secretion of H+ and waste products into the filtrate

  • Transportation of salts out of the filtrate

<ul><li><p>Blood <strong>filtering</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reabsorption</strong> of nutrients, water, and ions</p></li><li><p><strong>Secretion</strong> of H+ and waste products into the filtrate</p></li><li><p><strong>Transportation</strong> of salts out of the filtrate</p></li></ul><p></p>