SCIENCE PAAT 3RD QUARTER

This is the period of rapid physical changes in adolescents as their bodies reach sexual maturity. During this period their bodies undergo several changes caused by hormones. It typically begins between ages 9 and 14 and involves growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and changes in body composition.

PUBERTY

The _____ sends chemical signals that trigger the production and release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

HYPOTHALAMUS

This is the period of rapid physical changes in adolescents as their bodies reach sexual maturity. During this period their bodies undergo several changes caused by hormones. It typically begins between ages 9 and 14 and involves growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and changes in body composition.

PUBERTY

The _____ sends chemical signals that trigger the production and release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

HYPOTHALAMUS

These are physical traits that are related to sex but are not directly involved in reproduction, these are basically those facial features that allow us to tell males from females. These are the manifestations of the hormones. (Examples include breast development in females, deepening of the voice in males, and the growth of body hair.)

SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

These are specialized cells that both men and women produce, these contain only half of the genetic information from each parent and combine to form a new individual. These are essential for reproduction.

SEX CELLS OR GAMETES

These are what the male reproductive system produces.

SPERM CELLS

These are what the female reproductive system produces

EGG CELLS

Externally, this consists of skin. This is a pouch that contains and protects the testicles.

SCROTUM

This is a layer of smooth muscle with loose connective tissues located in the scrotum. Temperature affects the size of this muscle and this plays a crucial role in regulating the scrotal temperature.

TUNICA DARTOS

These are the male reproductive organs located inside the scrotum. Each of these are about 4-5 cm long and is composed of cone-shaped lobules that contain seminiferous tubules in which sperm cells develop. They also produce a hormone called “testosterone”.

TESTES

This is a tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes. This is where the sperm cells enter when they move out of the testis and this is where they are temporarily stored before ejaculation. This is when the sperm cells are not fully developed yet but the secretions from the duct walls help them mature.

EPIDIDYMIS

This is also known as “ductus deferens”. The sperm moves from the epididymis to the ampulla of the ____. This is a long, muscular tube that conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts close to the urethra. The wall of this tube is composed of smooth muscles.

VAS DEFERENS

This extends to the prostate gland and joins with the urethra within the prostate gland.

EJACULATORY DUCT

This secretes fluids that form part of the semen, together with the sperm. During ejaculation, it shuts off the connection between the urinary bladder and the urethra to propel the semen.

PROSTATE GLAND

The male ___ extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end or head of the penis. This is a passageway for both urine and seminal fluid however, these two fluids do not exit the urethra at the same time.

URETHRA

This is the male organ of copulation that transfers sperm cells to the vagina. It is only an accessory organ of reproduction and not a reproductive organ.

PENIS

This is an erectile tissue that the penis is composed of.

CORPUS CAVERNOSA

This is a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made. They are suspended by a ligament in the pelvic cavity.

OVARY

This is the mesentery (continuous fold of membranous tissue) that suspends the ovary to the body wall.

MESOVARIUM

The ovary contains ___ which contains oocytes, the female germ cells.

OVARIAN FOLLICLES

When a follicle matures, it expands and ruptures to release the egg, this process is called_____

OVULATION

After ovulation, the remaining cells of the ruptured follicle transforms into a glandular structure called ______, this is a yellowish mass of progesterone-secreting endocrine tissue. This regulates the hormonal cycle involved in female gametogenesis.

CORPUS LUTEUM

This is also called oviducts or uterine tubes and they extend from the ovaries to the uterus. This is also known to be the most common site of fertilization.

FALLOPIAN TUBES

This is a long, thin structure that surrounds the distal opening of the fallopian tube. During the ovulation process, this captures the egg cell from the ovary.

FIMBRIAE

This is as big as a medium-sized pear. It is a hollow and highly muscular organ that expands during pregnancy. When the egg is fertilized, the resulting embryo is implanted in the wall of the ____ where it develops and grows.

UTERUS

The part of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes is called ______

FUNDUS

The central part of the uterus is called _____ while the narrower inferior part is the _____

BODY —— CERVIX

This is also called as the birth canal, this is the uterine cavity that continues through the cervix and this is the female organ for copulation. This extends from the uterus to the outside of the body and this is the passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth.

VAGINA

In young females, the vaginal opening is covered by a thin mucus membrane called ____. Some athletic activities might break this.

HYMEN

This consists of the vestibule and its surrounding structures. These are the external structures of the female reproductive system that are external to the vagina.

FEMALE EXTERNAL GENETALIA

This is the space into which the vagina and urethra open.

VESTIBULE

The vestibule is bordered by a pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds called____

LABIA MINORA

These are two folds of skin that extend from the mons pubis downward and backward and merge with the skin of the peritoneum.

LABIA MAJORA

This is a small, erectile structure of the female organ that is located in the anterior margin of the vestibule.

CLITORIS

These are responsible for milk production this is located in the breasts and these are modified sweat glands.

MAMMARY GLANDS

Both male and females has a raised nipple surrounded by a pigmented, circular _____

AREOLA

This is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands.

PROLACTIN

This is a hormone that stimulates the contraction of the cells in the mammary glands to help secrete milk and the suckling action of a baby triggers the release of this hormone.

OXYTOCIN

This is the monthly shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus due to the influence of hormones.

MENSTRUATION

The decrease in these hormones causes the sloughing and deterioration of the uterine lining, which exits the body as ______

MENSTRUAL FLOW

It steadily increases LH production of the anterior pituitary gland, causing the the largest ovarian follicle to release the egg in a process called______. This is the period when a woman is most fertile, it occurs 14 days after the first day of menstruation in a 28-day menstrual cycle.

OVULATION

The _______ controls body activities by means of chemical messengers called hormones, which are produced by glands and affect target cells.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

What are the two types of glands in the body?

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND EXOCRINE GLANDS

________ release their hormones directly into the bloodstream.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

_________ release their secretions through ducts that lead to the target cells.

EXOCRINE GLANDS

The _______ produces hormones that control the activities of various other glands. This lies close to the hypothalamus and is connected to the blood vessels of the nerves. Because of its functions this is sometimes called the “master gland”. This gland is largely under the control of the hypothalamus.

PITUITARY GLAND

The pituitary gland is composed of _____ and _______

POSTERIOR LOBE and ANTERIOR LOBE

This is an extension of the hypothalamus and secretes only two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the ______, where it is released when stimulated.

POSTERIOR LOBE

This hormone decreases the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys to conserve water.

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

This is located at the base of the neck, with its two lobes flanking the trachea.

THYROID GLAND

The thyroid gland secretes two hormones that increase the total chemical reactions in the cells and these chemical reactions are known as _____

CELLULAR METABOLISM

This is the active form of the thyroid hormone, this also binds with its receptors to form a complex molecule. This either activates the gene or represses its expression.

TRIIODOTHYRONINE

Other cells that comprise the thyroid gland secrete another hormone which is ______, this lowers the blood calcium levels under certain conditions.

CALCITONIN

An underactive thyroid gland causes ______, which decreases metabolic rate. The body burns fewer calories, leading to increased weight, the heartbeat also slows down while blood pressure and body temperature fall.

HYPOTHYROIDISM

Hypothyroidism may lead to ______, a condition characterized by physical and mental retardation

CRETINISM

Severe hypothyroidism may lead to _____, a life-threatening condition.

MYXEDEMA COMA

This is another complication of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland due to the iodine deficiency.

GOITER

This is a treatment for hypothyroidism that needs a daily intake. This is a synthetically-made thyroid hormone.

SYNTHETICALLY-MADE LEVOTHYROXINE

This is having an overactive thyroid.

HYPERTHYROIDISM

This is the most common disease caused by hyperthyroidism.

GRAVES’ DISEASE

At the back of the thyroid gland are four small glands called_____

PARATHYROIDS

Parathyroid glands secrete ______, which regulate calcium in the blood and oppose the action of calcitonin when it exceeds normal levels. This also enhances calcium absorption in the digestive tube and kidneys but inhibit the kidneys from reabsorbing phosphate.

PARATHORMONES

This is needed in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and other activities.

CALCIUM

These glands are located above the kidneys

ADRENAL GLANDS

The inner part of the adrenal gland is the _______, while the outer part is the _______

ADRENAL MEDULLA ——— ADRENAL CORTEX

This secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline.

ADRENAL MEDULLA

This is often regarded as the “emergency hormone", because it is released when a person feels endangered or excited.

ADRENALINE

This secretes three types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones.

ADRENAL CORTEX

This is an important glucocorticoid known as the stress hormone because it helps the body respond to stress.

CORTISOL

This is a major mineralocorticoid that regulates salt and water in the body.

ALDOSTERONE

This is located between the spleen and the small intestine

PANCREAS

The ______ of the pancreas produce digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

This lowers the blood sugar level

INSULIN

This raises the blood sugar level.

GLUCAGON

The union of sperm and egg cells.

FERTILIZATION