AP World History Chapter 13

Chapter 13. geography.

Focuses on the Eastern Hemisphere, specifically East Asia and China.

AP World history timeline.

Divided into three main periods: Ancient, Classical, and Postclassical.

What East Asian History should you know so far?

Shang and Zhou dynasties were centralized; China fractured into regional states during the Warring States before Qin unified power; Han dynasty closed the Classical era; Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties were centralized during the Postclassical era under the Mandate of Heaven.

What was life like in China after the fall of the Han dynasty?

China entered the Three Kingdoms era (c. 220–280 CE) with rival states at war, repeated attempts at reunification, and political decentralization.

Who is Yang Jian?

Reunited China, centralized authority, founded Sui dynasty.

Why is Yang Jian important?

Reigned 581–604 CE and founded the Sui dynasty.

What is the Grand Canal?

A man-made waterway.

Who built the Grand Canal?

Expanded under Emperor Yang.

What was the purpose of the Grand Canal?

To carry grain and goods, aid irrigation, and facilitate north–south trade.

What are the causes of the fall of the Sui dynasty?

Internal problems: forced labor, high taxes, conscription; external problems: conflicts with Korea; resulted in rebellions and assassination of emperor.

When was the Sui dynasty founded?

581 CE

Who founded the Sui dynasty?

Yang Jian

When did the Sui dynasty fall?

618 CE

What is the Tang dynasty?

Second Postclassical Chinese state.

How was the Tang dynasty established?

Founded after Sui collapse when a rebel leader seized the capital.

When was the Tang dynasty founded?

618 CE

Who is Tang Taizong?

Second emperor of the Tang dynasty.

Why is Tang Taizong important?

Ambition and policies strengthened and expanded the empire.

When did Tang Taizong reign?

627–649 CE

What are 3 policies that allowed the Tang dynasty to flourish?

Maintained transportation and communication networks, distributed land through the equal-field system, created a bureaucracy based on merit.

What is the equal field system?

Distributed agricultural land fairly.

What problems did the equal field system eventually face?

Population growth and wealthy families manipulating the system.

What is the bureaucracy of merit?

Officials chosen based on Confucian education and civil service exams rather than birth or family.

What was military expansion like in the Tang dynasty?

Conquered Manchuria, extended influence into Korea, incorporated Vietnam.

What are tributary relationships?

Neighboring states recognized emperor as overlord and sent tribute in exchange for trade and protection.

What are the causes of the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Weak leadership, corruption, rebellions, rise of regional warlords.

When did the Tang dynasty decline?

Late 9th century (~875–907 CE)

What major rebellion occurred during the Tang dynasty?

An Lushan Rebellion

When did the An Lushan Rebellion occur?

755–763 CE

Who led the An Lushan Rebellion?

General An Lushan

What was the impact of the An Lushan Rebellion?

Weakened central authority and economy.

What was China like politically after the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Controlled by regional warlords; government was decentralized.

Who is Song Taizu?

First emperor of the Song dynasty.

Why is Song Taizu important?

Centralized authority by subduing warlords and establishing bureaucratic control.

When was the Song dynasty founded?

960 CE

How did Song Taizu treat his military?

Persuaded generals to retire, strictly supervised army to prevent threats.

How did Song Taizu treat his officials?

Expanded bureaucracy, rewarded loyal scholar-bureaucrats, gave them military oversight.

What financial problems did the Song dynasty face?

Enlarged bureaucracy increased salaries, creating financial strain and heavier taxes.

How did peasants react to the Song dynasty’s financial problems?

Rebelled in early 12th century (~1100s CE).

What military problems did the Song dynasty face?

Military weak due to leadership by bureaucrats with little experience.

Who are the Khitan?

Seminomadic northern people.

Who are the Jurchen?

Founded Jin dynasty.

How did the Khitan and Jurchen impact the Song dynasty?

Jurchen defeated Khitan, captured Kaifeng, forced Song south to Hangzhou, starting Southern Song dynasty.

When did China face invasions from nomadic groups during the Song dynasty?

Early 12th century

When did the Song dynasty fall?

1279 CE

Why did Chinese armies venture into Korea?

Political and military expansion.

Why did Chinese armies venture into Vietnam?

Political and military expansion.

What is the Silla dynasty?

Korean dynasty.

What happened to the Silla dynasty in the seventh century?

Tang armies invaded; Silla forces could not resist.

What political compromise did the Tang dynasty make with the Silla dynasty?

Tang withdrew in exchange for a tributary relationship; Silla king recognized Tang emperor as overlord.

How did China’s tributary relationship with the Korean Peninsula impact Korea?

Korea adopted Chinese customs, sent tribute, and gained trading rights.

How did China influence Korea in regards to education?

Introduced Confucian education and scholar-led bureaucracy.

How did China influence Korea in regards to religion?

Introduced Chan Buddhism.

Despite their many Chinese influences, how did Korea differ from China?

Government controlled by aristocratic families; no merit-based bureaucracy.

What is Nam Viet?

China’s term for Vietnam.

What did the Tang dynasty do in Nam Viet?

Invaded and ruled the native people.

What did Vietnamese people adopt from China?

Agriculture, irrigation, administrative techniques, Confucian schools.

What did Nam Viet do in the tenth century when the Tang dynasty fell?

Declared independence and resisted expansion.

Despite their many Chinese influences, how did Nam Viet differ from China?

Kept indigenous religion, female-dominated society, decentralized structure.

In regards to their relationship with China, how did Japan differ from Korea and Vietnam?

No invasion or conquest from China.

Who were the earliest inhabitants of Japan?

Migrants from northeast China and Korea brought language, culture, agriculture, metallurgy, and horses.

What was early Japan like?

Decentralized into small regional states dominated by aristocratic clans.

What is the Nara period?

First centralized state modeled on Tang China.

What was the Nara period like?

Imperial authority, bureaucracy, and capital city.

Despite their influence from China, how did Japan differ in regards to religion?

Adopted Buddhism but retained Shinto.

What did the emperor of Japan do in 794 C.E.?

Moved capital to Heian.

When did Japan move its capital to Heian?

794 CE

How was Japan ruled politically in the Heian period?

Emperors were figureheads; Fujiwara clan held power.

What is the Tale of Genji?

Literary work reflecting Heian court life and women’s contributions.

Why is the Tale of Genji important?

Shows literature in a patriarchal society.

What are the causes of the decline of the Heian period?

Failure of equal-field system and civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans.

When did the Heian period end?

1185 CE

What are the two periods that made up Medieval Japan?

Kamakura (1185–1333) and Muromachi (1336–1573).

When was the Kamakura period?

1185–1333 CE

When was the Muromachi period?

1336–1573 CE

Japanese history so far?

Includes Ancient, Classical, and Postclassical eras; migrations from China and Korea; Nara and Heian states; Kamakura and Muromachi periods; civil wars like Taira vs. Minamoto.