APES 3.7 Total Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate

Estimate of average number of children each woman in a population will bear in her childbearing years

• Child-Bearing Years: 15-49 years old

Replacement Fertility Level

the TFR required to offset average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain current size

• Average for Developed Countries: 2.1

• Average for Developing Countries: > 2.1

What does TFR indicate?

• Population growth

• Population diagrams

• Population dynamics

What influenced TFR?

• Family Planning

• Education

• Age women have their first child

Family Planning

Regulation of number or spacing of offspring w/ birth control

• ex. Arm implants, Depo (thigh) shot (needs calcium supplements), IUD (most painful, inserted w/o supplements)

• Decreases CBR and TFR: Countries pass policies to influence rates

  • ex. Japanese pro-natalist campaigns

Women in Education and Workplace

1. Leave Home: Higher household income

   • ~> More access to info abt birth control methods

   • ~> Interact w/ partner as equal

   • ~> Choose family planning

2. Delay 1st Child: Fewer fertile years

   • → Decreases total # of children over lifetime

Infant Mortality Rate

# of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 live births

Child Mortality Rate

# of deaths of children under 5 years per 1,000 live births

IMR and CMR depend on…

1. Level of health care (ex. nutrition)

2. Availability of health care

3. Socio-economic status of individual or country

Factors affecting IMR and CMR

• Access to prenatal care

• Exposure to pollutants

• Circumstantial factors (ex. war)

• Education to support healthy pregnancy habits

Benefits of Family Planning

• Reduced risk of pregnancy complications

• Improved chances of healthy baby

• Early detention and treatment of potential health problems

Socioeconomics

Combo of social (education/social class) and economic (income/occupation) factors that define a person’s/group’s position in society

• ex. US IMR = 5.7

  • African Americans: 10.8

  • Native Americans: 8.2

  • Caucasians: 4.6

High life expectancy / Low IMR indicates…

• Available healthcare

• Sanitation

• Food supply and potable water

• Moderate pollution

Environmental Justice

Disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by POC, recent immigrants, and lower socioeconomic backgrounds

• A social Movement

• An Academic Field