US History Study Guide: “The Gathering Storm”: Sectionalism and the road to the Civil War

Modern U.S. History - Mr. McGuire (11th gr.)

Secede

When a national group or other group wants to leave (form own country.)

Emancipation

The freeing of slaves.
ex. surfs/slaves

Three-Fifths Clause

Dispute amongst the states-new congress, count enslaved people to congress (right to vote); 3/5 of slaves state they'd be counted to gov./taxes

Fugitive Slave Clause

In the original constitution; if a slave escapes to another state the other state must HELP with discipline.

1808 ban on slave trade

No more INTERNATIONAL slave trade.

Missouri Compromise

1820; compromise to keep states together. Handling dispute as a slave state. Missouri would enter as a slave state, if there is a slave state needs a free state to balance it out.

Frederick Douglass

(VERY anti-slavery) most important abolitionist; ending slavery EVERYWHERE in the United States- he escaped from slavery.

John C. Calhoun

Most important politician (Andrew Jackson's 1st VP); he wanted to keep slavery forever. Makes the case for the Nullification Doctrine.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist (white) spread abolitionist ideas; editor of liberator/abolitionist newspaper.

Abolitionism

End of ALL slavery

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the USA should spread across USA to Pacific Ocean (more land); "Empire of Liberty." Acquiring more land.
ATLANTIC ---------------------- PACIFIC

James K. Polk

11th President (1845-1849) delivered/executed "Manifest Destiny" plan. The Mexican War caused basically the Civil War.
-Polk disagrees with Jackson about ways to take Mexico.

Mexican War

Texas was Mexico; USA people tried to go to Mexico; Texans wanted to be on US soil not Mexican. Dispute over land.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ENDED the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million.

Compromise of 1850

-Popular Sovereignty (let people decide for YES or NO to slavery.)
-Texas for money
-Slave trade banned in D.C.
-Texas is free
-California is a free state.

Harriet Tubman

The most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad.

Underground Railroad

Ultimate safety destination/sanctuary. FREEDOM!

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote book called, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (negative view point of slavery); made to view to the North to show how bad slavery is (book is anti-slavery)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; repealed Missouri Compromise ended how we handle slavery, reason the Republican Party started!

"Bleeding Kansas"

New people of Kansas decide if or not for slavery/VIOLENCE (mini civil war)- in Kansas.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

Charles Sumner most well known abolitionist, senate; Preston Brooks congressman (violence feud between cousins)- issue of slavery!

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Big crowds- thousands of people were there; (Douglas was so famous, that he made Lincoln famous) -helps make Lincoln a national figure for (major anti-slavery) criticized Douglas for popular sovereignty.

John Brown

Abolitionist; fanatic; raides arsenal to obtain weapons to give to slaves to revolt.

Nullification Crisis

1830's event SC nullify tariff- State does not have to allow law~ but they do.

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

Dred Scott (slave) followed a lawsuit (freeman) he is a PERSON (congress can not ban anti-slavery states)

Positive Good Theory

Can not find justification of slavery (bad to have, but hard to get rid of) slavery was immoral.

Eli Whitney

Invents cotton - plantation of slavery. Make more money off of slaves.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed law (failed) no slavery in territories acquired from Mexican War.

Gag Rule

1836-1844 (senates not allowed to discuss slavery in congress)

American Colonization Society

"Slavery is wrong, pay for slaves to go back to Africa, even FREE!" Knowledgeable group from North (reverse colonization).

(Key Questions) How did the Founders of the United States view slavery? How was slavery addressed in the U.S. Constitution?

Founders thought slavery was immoral, slaves were people; slavery was addressed with 3 clauses: 3/5 clause, fugitive slave clause, bleeding kansas.

(Key Questions) Why does support for slavery gradually increase in slave states in the early 1800s? Why?

-Make more $ off of it (economy depended upon slave labor).
-Positive-good theory (a moral justification; not to be embarrassed).
-Fear of slave revolts.

(Key Questions) What was the relationship between territorial expansion and sectional tensions over slavery?

When making a state there will be of slave state or non slave state (free.)

(Key Questions) What caused the Mexican War? How did it increase tensions over slavery?

More land, Texas (slave state)
-Texas wanted to join USA
-Mexico dispute over Texas territory (Mexico could not control it's territory.
-Clash between Mexico
-Mexico didn't give $ to USA back after borrowing $.

(Key Questions) What caused the Whig Party to fail and the Republican Party to rise?

-They stopped winning elections, so the Republican Party arose.
-Republican rise- more thought on anti-slavery act.

(Key Questions) Why did opposition to slavery become an even more important issue in the 1850s?

examples:
-Kansas-Nebraska Act
-"Bleeding Kansas"

(Key Questions) What was the difference between being an abolitionist and being antislavery?

Abolitionist- slavery must end immediately, very immoral.
Anti-slavery- thought it was immoral, but thought it would be "TO DIFFICULT" to end.

(Key Questions) How effective were the various compromises crafted in the Congress that were intended to ease sectional conflict?

-Missouri compromise worked very well (long term IDEA)
-Compromise of 1850 did not work as well as believed to be.