Neuro ADHD

What is the age related improvement in memory and attention?

Executive Functions (attending to directions, raise hands before calling out)

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder classified as?

A developmental disorder

What is the essential features of ADHD?

Persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, these factors must be shown to impact development in a clinically significant manner

What are the 3 Types that ADHD is diagnosed as?

Inattentive type, Hyperactive-Impulsive type, Combined type.

what is the criteria diagnose based on?

symptoms in the DSM, symptoms that have occurred over the past 6 months, with an age of onset of 12 years for children

What is the inattentive type?

often distracted by extraneous stimuli, has a problem staying focused, does not seem to listen when spoken to directly, does not follow through on instructions. Needs 6 out of 9 symptoms to be diagnosed

What is the HYPERACTIVE/ IMPULSIVE TYPE?

Fidgets with hands or feet, Runs about or climbs where it is inappropriate, Unable to play or do leisure activities quietly, to be diagnosed you need 6 of 9 symptoms

How many symptoms to be diagnosed for the combined type?

6 of 9 symptoms for A1, and for A2

What is the key features of ADHD?

manifestations of the disorder must appear in multiple settings, no matter where the child is.

What are signs of the disorder?

Signs may be minimal or absent when the
person is under close supervision, receiving frequent rewards for good
behaviour. This can make the disorder challenging to diagnose

Issues of ADHD

Academic performance suffers, social rejection is common, other disorders like OCD would make it more challenging

is ADHD a intellectual disorder?

is not considered an intellectual disorder, but mild delays in language, motor and social development are common in children with ADHD

What is the prevalence of ADHD?

is 7.6%, the male to female ratio is 3:1

What is the prevalence of ADHD in adults?

as high as 2.5%.

What is the prevalence of ADHD worldwide?

it varies worldwide, north America has higher rates of ADHD than most other places (South America, and Africa being exceptions)

What is the importance of culture for ADHD?

It is difficult to separate ADHD and cultural context. DSM seems to be largely based on elementary school ages north American boys. If ADHD occurs everywhere in the world, it would still only be diagnosable in certain cultural contexts. Hyperactivity and inattentiveness would not be as much of a concern in times and places where children do not go to school. in areas where academic achievement is prized above all else, even minor levels of inattentiveness and hyperactivity would seem pathological.

What is the comorbidity of ADHD?

only about 1/3 of children are diagnosed with ADHD alone. The majority are diagnosed with at least one other DSM disorder. 30-60% of people with ADHD have autistic traits

What is the genetics of ADHD

ADHD is elevated in first-degree biological relatives of people with ADHD. First-degree biological relatives are relatives that share 50%
of their genetic material. Your siblings are your first-degree relatives, as are your parents.

What is the etiology of ADHD?

up to 80% genetic, this makes it one of the most heritable disoders

Bad evidence of genetics for ADHD

Weak associations have been found with genes for the dopamine reuptake transporter and the D4 dopamine receptor. More recent studies point to genes that are involved broadly in neurodevelopment

What are developmental risk factors for ADHD Perinatal Hypoxia?

a temporary shortage of oxygen around the time of birth, has also been linked to the development of ADHD.

What are environmental and developmental myths?

There is no convincing evidence that ADHD can be caused by exposure to food colouring or preservatives. Children who are known to be sensitive to these things do show some hyperactivity when they are exposed, but they are not reflective of all ADHD cases. There is also no evidence that ADHD is caused by or exacerbated by sugar

What are developmental factors for ADHD?

Children with a specific mutation in the dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT1) are more likely to exhibit symptoms of ADHD if their mothers smoked during pregnancy.

What is Iwowa Gambling task

people with untreated ADHD were more likely to pick from a risky deck.

WHat is Go, no go Task

psychological test measuring response inhibition, where you quickly press a button for "Go" stimuli (like a letter "A") but must stop and withhold your action for "No-Go" stimuli (like an "X"), untreated people with ADHD make more error of commission and errors of omission

What are behavioural markers of ADHD?

Rewards have less of an influence over the behaviour of children with ADHD. Also show impairments in behaviour requiring inhibitory control. These deficits point to issues with either executive function (frontal lobe) or reward function (dopamine system), or both at the same time.

What is the default mode network?

The default mode network (DMN) is a group of brain regions that becomes active when your mind is at rest or daydreaming and quiets down when you focus on a task

What is the default mode network in ADHD?

The DMN fails to deactivate properly during goal-directed tasks, interfering with the executive control network responsible for sustained attention and inhibition, leading to distractibility and lapses in focus.

What is the alerting network?

the frontal, parietal cortex and thalamus interact and form the alerting network which supports attention, the alerting network is weaker in people with ADHD

What is the Frontostriatal Circuit?

the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal anterior cortex control affective and cognitive components of executive function control. Along with putamen, nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus form the Frontostriatal circuit. In ADHD there are abnormalities in the Frontostriatal circuits which extend to the amygdala and cerebellum

What is the treatment of ADHD statistics?

Drugs are effective in 70-90% of cases.

how does ADHD medications target the dopamine system in the brain?

The dopamine transporter moves unbound dopamine from the synapse into the sending neuron, Ritalin and cocaine both block the dopamine transporter, causing dopamine to build up in the synapse.

Does increased Screen time and social media among youth cause ADHD

more screen time means more sleep delay, and less sleep means more ADHD symptoms

What is the prevalence of ADHD in adults Longitudinal studies?

show that symptoms gradually reduce across the lifespan but persist in 30-50% of cases. Impulsivity and hyperactivity tend to drop off more than attention, many adults continue to struggle with attention their whole lives

What are the most common pharmacological treatments for ADHD drugs?

drugs of the psychostimulant variety. These have been in regular use since the 1970s.

What are the common drug names for ADHD treatment?

Ritalin first approved by FDA in 1960. Popular drugs include methylphenidate (Ritalin/Concerta), amphetamine (Adderall), and d-amphetamine (Dexedrine). These drugs are given at low doses, in long-acting, slow-release formats that limit the “rush” that characterizes their illegal counterparts.

What is The Dual Pathway Model

is a theory suggesting that dysfunctions in the frontal lobe and dopamine systems are to blame for not wanting rewards as much and impairments in inhibitory control.