AP Euro

Black Death

Plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351, weakened france & italy

Hundred Years' War

England-France conflict over the French throne that fueled national identity and set up the new monarchies

Communes

free men who formed associations for economic independence from nobles, regulated trade, built city walls, collected taxes

Popolo

Urban underclass, taxed heavily & unable to serve in govt- led to uprising (Ciompi Revolt)

Signori

Most powerful (and wealthiest) man to sit on city councils, brings hereditary rule & nepotism

Balance of Power in Italy City-States

Competition, alliances keep Medici and Borgia power in check, "resident ambassadors" to serve as embassies in diplomacies, fails to unite until 1861

Medici

Banking family of florence, have behind-the-scenes power and dominance in government- produces 3 popes.

Borgia

Powerful family in Rome, produces Pope (corruption, nepotism)

Humanism

study of Latin and Greek writings to understand and celebrate human nature and achievements

Petrarch

Believed that rediscovery of classical text would bring a new age of intellectualism (founder of Humanism), wrote in Italian vernaclar

Boccaccio's Decameron

Written in the vernacular of the Florentine language (most were written in Latin), celebrate life even in the Black Death, stories of love, individualism

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

to train the proper courtly gentleman: speak and write eloquently, sing/instruments, woo ladies, physical beauty, educated to hold conversation, charming

Machiavelli's The Prince

Brought the creation of bigger armies, professional loyal soldiers, introduced the idea that it's easier to be loved than feared; advised rulers

Civic Humanism

humanism in Italian Renaissance, agreed with Cicero: humanists should be involved in government and contribute their education to society

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern renaissance combining classical learning with reforming catholic church

Characteristics of Art in the Renaissance

Geometry, vanishing Point, mirror/portaits, patronage, oil paints, New pigments-brighter colors, dome, greco roman, symmetry, humanism

Brunelleschi's Dome

First modern dome of renaissance. Classical columns from ancient times, human expectations for building, patronage

Leon Battista Alberti

Humanist scholar who was an architect (imitated ancient roman), writer in Florence, On Painting: explained how to make art 3D

Thomas More Utopia

fictional island with effective govt, no poverty, education in Classics, religious toleration, no political dissent (northern humanism)

Erasmus

Root of protestant reformation, criticized church for straying from morals, The Education of a Christian Prince and The Praise of Folly

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, architect-- humanism renaissance man

Patronage

financial/political support that wealthy elites and Catholic Church gave to artists, architects, and scholars

Reconquista

centuries-long campaign by Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula to expel Muslim (Moorish) rule 1100-1492

Gutenburg's Printing Press

Rise in literacy, propaganda, allowed cultural trends to diffuse across Europe and create the Northern Renaissance.

Gold, God, Glory

primary motivations driving European overseas expansion and colonization starting in the 15th century

Marco Polo

Venetian Trader and Explorer, travels reverse Silk Route, Great Khan of Mongol Empire, splendor of China: Marvels of the World

Venice

Wealthy Italian city state, heavily involved in trade-- exported pepper, guns/slaves/coins to arab merchants

Genoa

Rival of Venetian city state. Traded with North African ports and western european cities. Had money but lacked ships, sponsored voyages.

Bartholomew Dias

rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1487)

Vasco de Gama

reached India (1498)

Caravel

15th-century 3-masted ship; deep hull carried more cargo/supplies, could cross the Atlantic, and could carry cannons

Ptolemy's Geography

shoed Earth was round, latitude & longitude, gave false hope -- Ptolemy thought Asia was closer

Astrolabe

used to determine altitude of polestar or sun to chart navigational positions

Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine navigator who sailed for Spain and recognized the Americas as a "New World," leading mapmakers to name it America.

Henry the Navigator

king's younger son -- interest in navigation helps fund expeditions

Treaty of Tordesillas

boundary in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas: Meridian at 370 leagues, Spain gets west, Portugal East

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China. landed in bahamas and saw indigenous ppl (1451-1506)

Hernan Cortes

explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Dona Marina

translator for Cortes

Magellan

1st to circumnavigate the globe -- men survived on rats and sawdust (spain)

Viceroyals

governors, controlled areas of the New World

Aztec Empire

Led by Montezuma at capital Tenochtitlan, human sacrifice, conquered by Cortes

Pizarro

Spanish soldier, captured Inca leader for ransom and took over

Incan Empire

large empire, conquered by Pizarro

Pedro Cabral

accidentally landed in Brazil and claimed territory for Portugal under Treaty of Tordesillas, created plantations and used african slaves

Mercantilism

Power of state comes from nation's international power and wealth mainly in gold and silver, gov regulation

Encomienda System

forced use of indigenous labor as tribute, payments in exchange for food, shelter, and Catholicism but indigenous were abused

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican friar who spoke out against mistreatment of indigenous under encomienda

Columbian Exchange

transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas with Americas, Europe, and Africa

Silver button

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Duth east india Company

formed to take over the spice trade from Portugal by working with local rulers and establishing control in India and Southeast Asia.

Michel de Montaigne

Father of "skepticism,"wrote series of essays that were cautious and critical of world, inspires scientific revolution

Shakespeare

product of Northern Renaissance, playwright and uses Montaigne's words

Renaissance

"rebirth" began in italy and spread to Europe

philogical

analyzing texts and language

Marsilio Ficino

studied greek and plato, connected it to Christianity

Pico della Mirandola

blend competing philosphoical views, "Oration on the Digtnity of Man," blended many views together and God

Leonardo Bruni

translated Greek and Latin works

Guicciardini

politics and government, based on real life experiences as a governor etc

naturalism

artists imitating nature

Donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, The School of Athens, virgin Mary

Palladio

created palaces, followed ancient roman architecture but adapted to materials of his period

Jan van Eyck

oil painter, humanism, did his best

vernacular literature

made more available by Printing press

Martin Luther

German monk, questioned the Roman Catholic Church, belived everyone can interpret the bible w/o a priest, printing press spread his ideas & bibles

Act of Supremacy

Henry 8 wanted divorce but Church wouldnt let him, he does AoS to become head of Church and make England no longer catholic

Mary Tudor

Tries to reinstate catholicism (bloody mary)

Elizabeth 1

Brings Angelicansim

gentry

wealthy landowners in england

sternpost rudder

steering device that makes the ship more manuverable

lorenzo valla