CMN 120V Exam 1 (pt. 2)

Nonverbal communication

Involves all messages other than words or language

Types of Nonverbal communication

1. Body movements

2. Vocal behavior

3. Clothing and appearance

Importance of nonverbal communication

1. tendency for nonverbal behavior to "leak" or show true emotion

2. can sometimes be more important than verbal communication

3. we tend to trust nonverbal more than verbal cues

Nonverbal channels (gesture)

1. emblems - very clear translation without words (ex: peace sign)

2. illustrators - gestures tied to speech

3. regulators - control flow of communication

4. adaptors - used to regulate emotional arousal

Paralanguage

vocal characteristics and temporal patterns that accompany speech

Nonverbal channels (paralanguage)

1. phonetic pause

2. silent pause

3. filled pause

4. response latency

5. speech rate

6. articulation

7. loudness

8. pitch

9. stress

Phonetic Pause

a brief silence that occurs within a word or between syllables (too fast for humans to detect)

Silent pause

silence used for emphasis or effect

Filled pause

A hesitation such as 'um' or 'er'.

Response latency

amount of speaking time between someone stopping speech and the next person starting

Speech Rate

how fast we speak

Articulation

how well we are speaking/pronouncing words

Stress

highlighting or adding emphasis to certain words

Anger and Joy

have the same pitch, loudness, and tempo

Nonverbal channels (touch)

- known as haptics (can indicate liking or dominance)

- a study found that couples in the intermediate stage (dating for short time and not married) engage in most hand to hand contact compared to those in initial or stable stages

Nonverbal channels (gaze)

1. gaze

2. mutual gaze

3. gaze aversion

- can be used to regulate the input of information

- used to demonstrate attraction or dominance

Nonverbal channels (space/proxemics)

1. intimate (very close, usually able to touch)

2. personal (about 4ft, just in arms reach)

3. social (about 4-12 ft, for everyone)

4. public (12+ ft, not interpersonal)

not the same across different cultures

Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)

- humans have expectations for how others should behave which are influenced by norms

- expectations exert significant influence on impressions and outcomes

- violations are not always negative

Constructs of EVT

1. expectancy (predicted behavior)

2. violation

3. violation valence (the positive/negative value of breach)

4. communicator reward valence (the violator's appeal)

Types of attraction

1. task attraction

2. physical attraction

3. social attraction

Task attraction

attraction to someone's abilities or dependability

Physical attraction

- attraction to someone's physical appearance

- matching hypothesis: more likely to be attracted to someone of similar levels of attraction to yourself

Social attraction

attraction to someone's personality (friends with them)

Factors that affect attraction

1. proximity

2. mere exposure

3. isolation anxiety (attracted to someone who wants to interact with others)

4. similarities (provides self validation)

5. compensatory hypothesis/complementary needs (someone who is strong in an area we are weak)

6. reciprocity of liking (if someone likes us, we reciprocate due to feelings of reward)

Eros

"romantic love"; based on physical attractiveness, love at first sight, emotionally and physically intense (like a sports car)

Ludus

"game playing love"; fun/unserious, friends with benefits, polygamy is more likely

Storge

"friendship love"; very peaceful, caring, respect, friends first

Pragma

"shopping list love"; practical and logical, good fit for each other, realistic

Mania

based on possession and dependent love, starts high then hits a big depression, demanding and obsessive, quick to be jealous

Agape

"all giving, selfless love"; see love as a duty, lots of compassion, expect nothing in return

Model of self

Am I worthy of being loved? (how do i view myself)

Model of others

Are others responsive caregivers? (how do others view me)

Secure attachment

positive model of self, positive model of other; consistent responses from caregiver

Anxious (preoccupied) attachment

negative model of self, positive model of other; inconsistent responses from caregiver

Avoidant (dismissive) attachment

positive model of self, negative model of other; indifferent caregiver

Fearful attachment

negative model of self, negative model of other (high anxiety and avoidance)

Similarity hypothesis

attracted to those with similar attachment style

Complementary hypothesis

attracted to those with an attachment style that fills in the gaps of our own

Attachment-security hypothesis

all individuals show preference for secure attachment people over all other styles