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What is population
It means the number of people living in a certain area
What is a population pyramid
It shows the structure of a population
What is natural increase
It is when the birth rate is above the death rate
What is natural decrease
It is when the birth rate is below the death rate
What continent has the highest natural increase
Africa
What is birth rate
It is the number of live babies born per 1,000 per year
What is demographic momentum
The tendency for a population to continue growing even after fertility rates have declined, due to a larger proportion of people in their reproductive years.
What is death rate
It is the number of people who have die per 1,000 per year
What is the infant mortality rate
It is the number of babies who die within their first year of life per 1,000 per year
What is the carrying capacity
It is the largest number of people that the resources of the planet or a give area can support
What is over population
Too many people in an area that can be supported by its resources and technology.
What are the causes of overpopulation
Low levels of education causing larger families
Natural disasters, political unrest or war elsewhere causing in-migration to an area
Lack of development & high levels of natural increase, maybe because of strict religious views so contraception isn’t used
What are the consequences of overpopulation
Out-migration
Starvation/famine or civil unrest
Unemployment and poverty
Overcrowding
What is underpopulation
Too few people in an area to utilize its resources available efficiently using current technology levels
What are the causes of underpopulation
Difficult climate and weather
Remoteness
What are the consequences of underpopulation
High employment rates and high wages (to maintain workers but doesn’t always happen)
In-migration (people see opportunity)
What is optimum population
The right amount of people to utilize the resources available in a given area.
What is the case study for overpopulation
Bamgaldesh
What is the case study for underpopulation
Australia
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
It shows how the population of a country changes throughout economic development as birth and death rates change.
How many stages are in the demographic transition model
5
What happens to economies in stage 1 of DTM
Birth rates are very high because there is high infant mortality rate and no access to contraception like condoms because they are very poor.
The death rates are also high because there are not many doctors, hospitals and no schools to educate people on diseases and how they spread.
What happens to economies in stage 2 of DTM
The death rate begins to fall because people’s understanding of diseases have improved and they are educated on how to improve their health systems.
Birth rates are still high because people do not know yet their children are likely to live longer. This also occurs because these nations usually have lots of jobs in agriculture and having lots of children is beneficial.
What happens to economies in stage 3 of DTM
The birth rates begin to fall to the level of death rates
Improved access to contraception, belief that children will survive to adulthood and increased female education
Healthcare systems continue to improve
Most stage 3 economies like Vietnam and India focus on manufacturing, so having lots of children to work on farm reduces
What happens to economies in stage 4 & 5 of DTM
Birth rates are low because of low infant mortality, good access to contraception and equality of access to education
Death rates are low because of good healthcare systems, high levels of education and high incomes
What is an example of a HIC economy that is in stage 5 of the DTM and is declining in population
Japan
What are examples of countries in stage 5 of the DTM
Germany and Japan
At which stage of the DTM is the economy most dominated by agriculture
Stage 2
What is the most developed stages of the DTM and why
Stages 4 & 5 because most HIC are in these stages
What are the 3 types of factors influencing birth rate of a country
Economic, political and social
List economic factors influencing birth rate
Poorer countries have higher fertility rates as children are considered good labour because they work in fields .
In the LEDCs, there are no pensions available for older people so children are expected to provide for their parents.
In HICs birth rates are lower as couples decide that children are expensive.
List political factors influencing birth rate
Government policies can affect birth rate
Countries with ageing populations have pro-natalist policies to encourage women to have children
Countries with huge populations that are increasing rapidly may limit the number of children allowed
List social factors influencing birth rate
Tradition demands high birth rate as a measure of social status so birth rate remains high
Education for women reduces the birth rate as they have a greater knowledge of birth control and more chances of work or a career
Strict Muslim and Catholic societies do not permit the use of contraception so the birth rate is generally higher
In HICs, couples marry later so start families later, this limits the number of children produced
Examples of countries with pro-natalist policies
France made a policy called “Code de la famille”
When did the France pro-natalist policy start
1939
What were the gifts given to families in France for having a third child
Paid up to ÂŁ1064 for having a third child.
Three-child families were given family allowances to increase their buying power.
Mothers were given maternity pay (at nearly full pay) for 20 weeks for their first child and for 40 weeks or more for a third child.
Preferential treatment when bidding for council flats with three bedrooms.
Three-child families got a 30% fare reduction on all public transport.
Mothers and housewives received a full pension scheme.
Examples of countries with increasing huge population that may limit the number of children allowed
China have a One Child policy of 1979-2015
What were the gifts given to families in China for having one child
Parents of one child received larger pensions.
Only children received the best education for free.
The legal age of marriage was raised to 22 for men and to 20 for women, and they had to have state permission.
What were the penalties for having more than one child in China
Parents had their benefits taken away.
The family’s income was fined by up to 15%.
Abortions became compulsory for a second pregnancy, and there was a lot of worry that many of these were forced abortions.
What were the impacts of the one child policy in China
300 million births were prevented and China's population has stabilized at 1.4 billion people.
Accusations that China violated human rights with forced abortions and causing female infanticide because people would rather have a male child.
The current ratio of men to women is 118:100.
The current fertility rate (1.6) is below the replacement rate of 2.1, leading to an ageing population.
By 2040, the ratio of worker to retiree will be 2:1.
What are the 2 main factors influencing death rate of a country
Education and health-related factors
List ways education influence death rate
The best-educated people generally live in the most developed nations and they have the highest life expectancies
The UK has a society which educates women whereas Nigeria does not
The key to developing a country is educating girls as this encourages fewer babies
Fewer children improves the standard of living for all as there is more food for all
List ways health influence death rate
After WW2, vaccines and cures for tropical diseases decreased death rates significantly around the world
Richer nations benefited first so their life expectancy increased significantly but most of the developing world has caught up
In LICs, people are more likely to die from poverty and lack of effective treatments from water-borne illness e.g. cholera, typhoid
What is migration
The movement of people from one place to another for a short period of time or permanently.
What is internal or national migration
The movement of people to a city within the same country
What is international migration
he movement of people to a city in a different country
What is labour or economic migration
The movement of people for economic gain
What is forced migration
The movement of people because of events such as a war which pose a sudden threat to people.
List push factors (factors that encourage people to leave an area)
People can't afford to repair damage caused by natural disasters.
Mechanisation of farming equipment means fewer jobs are available.
Desertification can make it hard for people to support themselves as the land becomes less productive.
People might be forced to flee their homes because of conflict.
List pull factors (factors that attract people to an area)
Urban areas provide more jobs, and jobs which are often better paid.
Health care and education are more easily accessible in urban areas.
The thought of joining other family members that have already moved.
There is a perception that urban areas provide a better quality of life.
What are the positive impacts on countries of origin
Unemployment may decrease.
If the migrants return after a few years, they may bring money and skills back with them.
There may be better life chances for young migrants
What are the negative impacts on countries of origin
Economic hardship may come about because of the loss of young workers.
Losing highly trained or skilled people, in particular health workers, can create problems for the countries of origin (brain drain).
There may not be enough people left to farm the land (food shortage).
Migration may cause social problems for children who are raised without parents.
What are the positive impacts on countries of destination
Migration leads to greater cultural diversity (more cultures sharing a home).
Economic growth (better standard of living) keeps going, even if the population is ageing.
There is the advantage of “brain gain” (increase in highly trained foreign-born professionals).
Job vacancies and skill gaps are removed.
The pension gap can be solved by new workers paying taxes.
What are the negative impacts of countries of destination
Lower wages may be offered.
Migrants may be forced to do the DDD jobs (dirty, dangerous and degrading) to make a living.
Public services like schools and hospitals may not be able to cope with the increase in population size.
If migration cannot be controlled, unemployment may increase.
There may be integration (mixing in), language or racism problems between the local people and the migrants.
What are the positive impacts of migration on migrants
There may be the opportunity of better pay for migrants.
There may be a better choice of jobs.
There may be better opportunities to improve skills, training or education.
Migrants may be able to make sure that family members still living in the country of origin are looked after financially.
Migrants may be able to learn new languages.
What are the negative impacts of migration on migrants
Migrants may suffer from loneliness or racist abuse.
The journey for migrants is sometimes very expensive and very dangerous.
Migrants may be forced to do the DDD jobs (dirty, dangerous and degrading) to make a living.