AP biology review

What type of bonds does Water have?

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds compared to covalent

Covalent is stronger than hydrogen bonds

Where else can hydrogen bonds be made?

Between nitrogenous Bonds can be toon apart

Cohesion

Hydrogen bonds between water Molecules

Adhesion

Hydrogen bonds between water and polar molecules

Metabolic pathway

A linked series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions occurring within The cell

Exergonic reaction

Release energy And increase entropy

Endergonic

Require energy And decrease entropy

How do cells use ATP to access energy

A Phosphate Is addedTo ATP to store energy and Removed to release energy

energy coupling

the release of energy from an exergonic reaction drives the endergonic reaction

light dependent reaction

takes water and light energy and makes atp and NADH with them, breaking apart the h2o also makes oxygen

photosystem 2 (pat 1)

comes first because who likes easy things, basically electrons stored in the chlorophyll get excited and enter the electron transport chain and are replaced by the electrons of water after being split

photosystem 2 (part 2)

electrons move down the electron transport chain and those proteins use their energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid

end products of photosystem 2

the hydrogen ions flow through atp synthase to even out the proton gradient producing atp as a result, additionally since water had been cleaved for its electrons there is now oxygen and hydrogen present in the thylakoid which are excreted

photosystem 1

the electrons get into another chlorophyll where they are excited by light again and move through more proteins, by the end they are paired with NADP+, this makes it negative, attracting hydrogen ions turning it into NADPH

what is the input and result of the light independent reaction

input: CO2

result: G3P, glucose and other organic material

where does the light independent reaction happen

in the stroma

where does glycolosis happen

the cytoplasm

what are the inputs, outputs, and by products of glycolosis

inputs: glucose

outputs: pyruvate

byproducts: atp (small amount), NADH

what are the steps leading up to the citric acid cycle

pyruvate made in glycolysis goes into the mitochondria, it is then converted into acetyl Co-a, CO2 and NADH are the byproduct

what are the inputs, outputs, and byproducts of the citric acid cycle

inputs: Acetyl Co-A

outputs: NADH, FADH2

byproducts: CO2 ATP (small amount)

what is FADH2

a high energy electron carrier

where does the citric acid cycle happen

the matrix of the mitochondria

where does the electron transport chain happen?

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

what is the first step in the electron transport chain

NADH brings electrons to the first protein complex which it moves through, powering it to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space from the matrix

what is the next step in the electron transport chain

FADH donates more electrons and pumps more hydrogen into the intermembrane space

what is the third step in the electron transport chain

the electrons go through more proteins and pump even more ions into the intermembrane space, then they are accepted into O2 and hydrogen ions making water

what is the last step in the electron transport chain

the hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space move through ATP synthase, to move into the lower concentration this powers the protein to synthesize atp