exam 1: soil fertility

CSES51104

most recent impact on farmers

most recent impact on farmers

pandemic

world population’s fertility rate is _

declining

what factor helps with fertility rates

immigration

_ is the country with the highest population as of 2024

India

most densely populated city in the world

Manila, Philippines

most soils are unable to produce max crop production without additions of _

nutrients

what country is known for infertile soil

Africa

what is the main point source in the Mississippi basin

sewage from rural areas

what countries produce more calories than the population consumes

US, Brazil, China, Russia

the US, Brazil, China, & Russia do this when nutrients from produce do not return to the soil

export nutrients

what should end in order to solve world hunger

corruption

_ is not an issue when involving world hunger

money

hunger is still common in developing countries because:

the lack of resources to purchase or redistribute available food

enough calories are produced, it just isn’t _ in the best way possible

utilized

US/European: pays people to implement a practice

US

US/European: performance based

European

where is the biggest mine of phosphate rock in the US

Florida (south of Tampa)

there’s an infinite/finite amount of phosphorus

finite

in Iowa, _lb of soil is list for every _lb of corn grain produced

3, 1

soil nutrient management greatest concern: impact of excess nutrients in the environment, particularly _

nitrate-nitrogen

nutrients absorbed primarily as chemical ions from the soil solution

C, H, O, B

macrounits include:

H, C, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

these elements are macro/microunits: H, C, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

macro

micronutrients include:

Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo

these elements are macro/microunits: Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo

micro

nutrients with soil mobility include:

H, O, nitrate, S, Cl, B

_ is controlled by chemistry and based on function

mobility

nitrate movement is controlled by _

water

_ is plant essential due to structure

Ca

mnemonic about macronutrients hahah

Big HOe CaNt Kick Cat Magic on PlayStation

mnemonic about micronutrients hahah

Little FeCline Better reMain Zen Cuz Nickel Counting Mortgage

what makes the nutrients essential?

plants can’t complete their life cycle without it

deficiency symptoms for the element can be only corrected by supplying the element

element is directly involved in the nutrition of the plant, apart from its effect on chemical or physical properties of the soil

what affects nutrient ion solubility

strongly influenced by the charge of the ion

cations include:

H, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al

these elements are cations/anions: H, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al

cations

anions include:

Cl, O

these elements are cations/anions: Cl, O

anions

charge of an atom that results when the electrons in a covalent bond are assigned to the more electronegative atom

oxidation number/state

electrostatic forces that exist between ions of opposite charge (left side metals combined with right side NM)

ionic bond

sharing of electrons between two atoms

covalent bond

each metal atom is bonded to several neighboring atoms (give rise to electrical conductivity and luster)

metallic bond

(N/P/K):

• forms in soil

• very versatile

• amino acids

• chlorophyll

• ADP & ATP

N

(N/P/K):

• ADP & ATP

• photosynthesis & respiration

• key component of DNA, RNA, nuclear material of cells

• cell division

P

(N/P/K):

• meristematic tissue - plant growth

• cell water regulation

• metabolism

• used as a catalyst in some enzymes

K

another name for potassium

potash

what’s the most important growth stage for P

reproductive growth

where is the majority of K found in the plant

stomata

what macrounits are non-mineral

H, C, O

what macrounits are mineral

N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

which microunits are mineral

Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co

applying nutrients _ the plant needs nutrients is the best way to maximize nutrient up take

before

how does soybean nutrient uptake differ from corn?

different nutrient needs due to a higher protein content

_ has fewer electrons than protons

cation

_ has more electrons in its electron shells than it has protons in its nuclei

anion

sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirecltly indicate the number of electron it has accepted or donated

oxidatioin state/number

O’s oxidation number

-2

H’s oxidation number

+1

N’s oxidation number

0

NH₄⁺ name

ammonium

NO₃^- name

nitrate

NO₂^- name

nitrite

NH₃ name

ammonia

SO₄^2- name

sulfate

PO₄^3- name

phosphate

HPO₄^2- name

phosphate

H₂PO₄^- name

phosphate

CO₃^2- name

carbonate

HCO₃^- name

bicarbonate

MoO₄^2- name

molybdate

H₃BO₃ name

boric acid

what’s the general effect of ion charge on solubility

Aⁿ⁺ + B^m- ←→ A_mB_n

the higher the charge of either cation or anion, the (greater/less) is the tendency for the compound or solid to be formed

greater

regarding the general effect of ion charge on solubility:

if the cation and anion are both single-charged, then the compound (is/is not) as easily formed

is not

with regard to solubility of inorganic compounds, we may expect that when both cation and anions are single charged, the resulting compound is usually very (insoluble/soluble)

soluble

strong acid is to _ electrolyte

strong

weak acid is to _ electrolyte

weak

whenever either the cation or anion is single charged and reacts with a multiple charged ion, the resulting compound is usually very (soluble/insoluble)

soluble

when monovalent anions react with any of the multi-charged cations, the solid compounds are all quite (insoluble/soluble)

soluble

if both the cation and anion are divalent, the resulting compound will be only sparingly _ (insoluble/soluble)

soluble

if one of the ions is divalent and the other is trivalent, the compound will be moderately (soluble/insoluble)

insoluble

as the sum of the charge increases, the solubility of the compound would (increase/decrease)

decrease

relative solubility of compounds formed from the reaction of anions (An-) and cations (Mn+): all compounds with a monovalent ion are _

soluble

relative solubility of compounds formed from the reaction of anions (An-) and cations (Mn+): compounds with both ions divalent are _

sparingly soluble

relative solubility of compounds formed from the reaction of anions (An-) and cations (Mn+): compounds with one divalent ion and one trivalent ion are _

moderately insoluble

relative solubility of compounds formed from the reaction of anions (An-) and cations (Mn+): compounds with both trivalent ions are _

insoluble

founded by Justus von Liebeg where a agriculture is constrained by the most limiting factor

law of the minimum

what is considered as the sole nutrient

water

as leaves develop and capacity to capture sunlight and photosynthesis increases there is a rapid increase in growth or _

biomass

growth diminishes as the plant enters the _ phase and begins seed development, stopping with full _.

reproductive, maturity

(corn/wheat) has a higher above ground biomass production

corn

whenever a growth factor is limiting, it will (increase/lessen) the plant’s need for other growth factors

lessen

when cool weather limits plant growth, there is (less/more) demand by the plant for nutrients and water

less

why is there a quadradic graph response to growth factor compared to nutrient uptake

there is only a finite ability to produce biomass

when a limiting growth factor is removed by installing an irrigation system, it will generally (decrease/improve) plant response to fertilizer used to correct nutrient deficiencies that are also limiting growth

improve

yield increase will be proportional to the difference between max yield obtained by adding the growth factor and yield at the given level of the growth factor

law of diminishing returns

the level of the deficient growth factor can be expressed as a _

percent sufficiency level

Mitscherlich response model is also referred to as the “percent sufficiency response” or more commonly known as the “precent sufficiency concept” for _

all immobile nutrients

many recommendations would be received from different organizations due to different philosophies and opinions

professional judgement

as the mobility of a nutrient in soil decreases, the amount needed in the soil increases from a value equal to the product of max yield and optimum plant composition to a constant (for a nutrient that is 100% mobile, the amount required is a product of yield and plant composition)

nutrient mobility concept

Liebig’s Law of the minimum concept is applied for (mobile/immobile) nutrients

mobile