Essentials of human anatomy and physiology: skeletal system

Functions of the skeletal system

Support

Protection

Blood cell production

Storage

Movement

Long bone

Longer than they are wider

Short bone

Cube shaped

Flat bone

Plate-like with broad surfaces

Irregular bones

Varied in shape

Round bone

Circular in shape

Periosteum

Tough, connective tissue coverinf

Epiphysis

Expanding portions of the ends of the bones

Diaphysis

Long bone , portion between the epiphysis

Medullary cavity

Hollow portion of the diaphysis that contains yellow marrow

Articular cavity

Layer of hyaline cartilage , where bones joint together

Endosteum

Lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

Compact bone

Smooth and dense. Contains lacunae and lamellae

Lacunea

Contains osteocytes

Lamellae

Concentric layers of matrix containing collagen fibers and mineral salts

Central canals

Blood vessels and nerves enter

Spongy bone

Contains bony bars and plates ( trabeculea)

Osteblasts

Bone forming cells; removes calcium from the bone and forms a new bone

Ostecytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoclasts

Break down of cells; removes worn cells and deposits calcium in the blood

Ossification

Formations of bones

Intramembranous ossification

Bone formation between two sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Endochondral ossification

Forms most of the human bones

Epiphyseal plate

Band of cartilage in the epiphyses of long bones. Long bone grows until plate is ossified

Appositional growth

Increase in bone diameter

Remodeling of the bone

Continually being broken down and built up

Bone repair steps are;

Hemotoma

Fibrocartilaginous

Cartilage

Bony callus

Remodeling

Complete fracture

Bone broken though

Incomplete fracture

Bone not separated completely

Simple fracture

Does not pierce though skin

Compound fracture

Pierces though skin

Impacted fracture

Bones broken edges are wedged into one another

Spiral frac

Ragged break due to twisting of the bone

Reduction

Repair of fracture open and closed

Open reduction

Surgically repair using plates screws or pins

Closed reductions

Re-alignment of the bone fracture with not surgery

Axial skeletalon

Skull ,hyoid bone , vertebral column, throracic cage and middle ear

Important hormones to regulate growth

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Growth hormone

Skull bones

Formed by cranium and facial bones. Sinuses

Sutures

Immovable joints

cranium

Protects the brain; frontal, temporal(2) occipital,parietal(2) sphenoid and ethmoid

Hyoid bone

Only body that doesn't articulate with another bone. Anchors the tongue associated with swallowing.

Vertebrae column

Supports ribcage

Point of attachment for pelvic girdle

Protects spinal cord

Normal curvatures

Cervical and lumbar

Thoracic and sacral

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curvation

Kyphosis

Increased roundness of thoracictic curvature "hunchback"

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature "s"

Intervertebral disk

Allows movement of vertebra

Absorbs shock

Prevents grinding of vértebras

Vertebral foramin

Canal for spinal cord

Bony projection

Sites for muscle attachment

Atlas (c1)

Supports head , up and down movemnt

Axis ( c2)

Serve as pivot for atlas , side to side movement

Sacrum

Fused sacral vertebrae; Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity

Coccyx

Formed from fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae

Rib cage

Protects heart and lungs

Provides support for the pectoral girdle

True ribs

1 -7 upper seven Pairs connect directly to sternum by costal cartilages

False (floating) ribs

8-12 attachment indirectly to sternum

Sternum bone

Flat, bladed shape bone

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

Humerus

Long bone of arm

Radius

Lateral side of forearm

Ulne

Longer bone of forearm

Carpus

Wrist; contains 8 bones

Metacarpus

Form the palm

Phalanges

Fingers , proximal , middle and distal , thumb only has proximal and distal

Pelvic girdle

Coxal bones

Iillium

Ischuim

Pubis

Femur

Longest and strongest bone in body (thigh bone)

Tibia

Medial bone of the lower leg; bears weight of femur

Fibula

Lateral to the tibia

Stabilized ankle

Foot

Seven tarsal bones

Talus can only move freely

Synarthrosis joints

Immovable joints

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly moveable joints

Diarthrosis

Freely movable

Fibrous connective tissue

Joints bones together , immovable sutures of skull

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage; bones joined by

Synovial joint

Freely movable; Bones don't touch one another, separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Angular movements

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Abduction

Circular movements

Circumudation

Rotation

Supination

Pronation

Special movements

Inversion and eversion

Elevation and depression

Osteoarthritis

Deterioration of the articulate cartilage

Rheumatoid arthritis

Synovial membrane became inflammation

Gout

Excessive buildup of uric acid