Ab Psych Exam 2 Review !

Biological perspective

________- OCD develops because gene variations affect chemical balance and lead to over- arousal of "worry circuit.

Behavioral component

________- controlled exposure to thoughts /images /situations being avoided.

Cognitive

________- OCD happens b /c of faulty interpretations that turn intrusive thoughts into obsessions.

Suicidal ideation

________- thoughts about self- harm with consideration of causing ones death.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

________ (ECT): last resort treatment, electrical current is passed through head to induce convulsion similar to seizure- for those who dont respond to antidepressants.

Postpartum depression

________- persistent and severe mood changes occurring after childbirth.

excessive acquisition

Hoarding Disorder: ________ of and difficulty discarding possessions.

Attentional Bias

________: Selective engagement with or selective disengagement from threat.

genetic predisposition

There is a(n) ________ of developing BDD if there are relatives who also have it or another OC- related condition.

Dissociative symptoms

________: Depersonalization= persistent experiences of feeling detached from other, and Derealization= recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings, world is dreamlike.

Compulsions

________ in BDD- compelled to fix cover, or modify perceived defect.

Excoriation

________: Recurrent skin picking, sometimes resulting in sores, infections, and scars.

Obsessions

________ in Hoarding- recurring thoughts about acquiring objects and fears over losing them.

CPT

Psychotherapies: Prolonged exposure, CBT, ________, Narrative exposure, Meaning making, Acceptance and acknowledgement.

Intolerance of uncertainty

________: will continue with their routine only when they have perfect certainty that their fear wont come true.

Magnification

________ or Minimization- blowing things way out of proportion, or inappropriately minimizing the importance of things.

Mood disturbance

________ causes impairment in social or occupational functioning- may necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self /others, may also include psychotic features.

COMORBIDITY

________- risk of developing GAD for those with Panic disorder, OCD, Dysthymia, MDD, Substance use disorder, Cardiovascular disease, etc.

Protective Factors

________- Social support from family and friends can buffer against negative impact of stress.

Trichotillomania

________: Repetitive hair pulling that results in noticeable hair loss- scalp, eyebrows, etc.

impulse control

Comorbidity of MDD - comorbid highly with anxiety disorders (59.2 %), Substance use disorder (24 %), and ________ disorders (30 %)

GAD

________= worrying significantly disrupts your job, activities, or social life.

Cognitive Biological Model

________ for Panic Disorder- Begins with a genetic predisposition resulting in oversensitivity to internal bodily changes, as well as anxiety sensitivity.

Perfectionistic beliefs

________: thinking that one impure thought means your whole service is ruined, so you restart from the beginning.

Psychological contributors

________: personality style, ways of thinking and problem solving.

adrenal glands

The ________ produce adrenaline and cortisol, which cause increased heart rate, dilation of bronchioles, liver producing glucose, decreased digestive system activity, and increased blood pressure.

Threat overestimation

________: example in terms of religious OCD- thinking that cursing one time in church is equal to eternal damnation.

Systematic desensitization

________: clients gradually learning to handle distressing stimuli while maintaining relaxation- also uses fear hierarchy.

Peripheral is in 2 parts

the Autonomic (involuntary control, automatic responses) and the Somatic (voluntary control, like muscle movement)

In FEAR

the Autonomic Nervous System provides the involuntary response involving heart rate, respiration, etc; its mainly the Sympathetic branch of the Autonomic NS which enables the FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Compared to fear, anxiety is

general feeling of apprehension in response to the possibility of future danger

GAD Psychoanalytic perspective

GAD patients experience anxiety but dont know why, it is because this anxiety is due to a threatened leakage of their unacceptable urges

GAD Learning (Behaviorism) perspective

GAD patients experience apprehension across many different situations b/c people are concerned about broad things; this perspective expresses the generalization of anxiety across many situations

Attentional Bias

Selective engagement with or selective disengagement from threat

Individuals with GAD have

an increased gray matter volume in the amygdala, decreased hippocampal volume, reduced frontolimbic structural connectivity, and greater right ventrolateral PFC activation

Cognitive restructuring

targets distorted cognitions by addressing likelihood of worst-case scenario + ability to handle the potential threats

Behavioral component

controlled exposure to thoughts/images/ situations being avoided

Third wave CBT

treatments that combine REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) and CBT

Comprised of traditional and contemporary CBT methods

Mindfulness, emotion regulation skills

Anxiety Disorders

Phobic Disorders

Phobia

fear of an object disproportionate to the threat it poses

Types of Phobic disorders

Specific phobia, Agoraphobia, & Social Anxiety Disorder

Specific Phobia

persistent and excessive fear of a specific object that is out of proportion to the actual danger they pose

Phobias Psychodynamic perspective

Threatening urges are projected onto the feared object, and this fear is what prevents the urge from reaching consciousness

Phobias Learning (Behaviorism) perspective

Phobias are learned and reinforced

Phobic Learning-based Approaches

gradual exposure to feared objects, creating a fear hierarchy, and systematic desensitization

Two forms of Gradual Exposure

Imaginal = Imagining oneself in situation, and In Vivo = actual encounter in real life

Cognitive Treatment Approaches for Phobias

cognitive restructuring and replacing self-defeating thoughts with alternative narratives

Anxiety Disorders

Panic Disorder & Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Panic attack = abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches peak within minutes, during which time four or more of the following symptoms occur

pounding heart palpitations, feeling dizzy, trembling, sensations of shortness of breath, feeling of choking, nausea of abdominal distress, fear of losing control, chest pain, sweating, chills or heat sensations, paresthesia (feeling of tingling pins or needles), derealization, and fear of dying

At least one of the attacks has been followed by one month or more of one/both of the following

1) Persistent worry or concern about additional panic attacks and their consequences AND/OR 2) a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks

Cognitive-Biological Model for Panic Disorder

Begins with a genetic predisposition resulting in oversensitivity to internal bodily changes, as well as anxiety sensitivity

Anxiety Sensitivity = fear of arousal-related bodily sensation, fear of fear itself

tendency to overreact to symptoms of anxiety

Anxiety sensitivity is a transdiagnostic mechanism

meaning it is relevant to many disorders besides panic

Marked fear or anxiety about two or more of the following situations

using public transport, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside or being home alone

OCD follows the vicious & repetitive cycle of

1) Obsessive thought → 2) Anxiety → 3) Compulsive behavior → 4) Temporary Relief

Cognitive

OCD happens b/c of faulty interpretations that turn intrusive thoughts into obsessions

Mental control

must get thoughts out of head to avoid doing something bad

Intolerance of uncertainty

will continue with their routine only when they have perfect certainty that their fear wont come true

Perfectionistic beliefs

thinking that one impure thought means your whole service is ruined, so you restart from the beginning

Biological perspective

OCD develops because gene variations affect chemical balance and lead to over-arousal of "worry circuit"

Exposure with response Prevention (ERP)

involves Exposure (prolonged exposure to stimuli that evokes obsessive thoughts) and Prevention (preventing compulsive behaviors from occurring) → helps client learn how to tolerate anxiety

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

works on correcting cognitive distortions and overestimation of consequences

Compulsions in BDD

compelled to fix cover, or modify perceived defect

Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP)

Exposure involves intentionally revealing the perceived defect in public and response Prevention involves avoiding mirror-checking or excessive grooming

Hoarding Disorder

excessive acquisition of and difficulty discarding possessions

Obsessions in Hoarding

recurring thoughts about acquiring objects and fears over losing them

Compulsions in Hoarding

repeatedly rearranging stacks of possessions and refusing to discard them

Excoriation

Recurrent skin picking, sometimes resulting in sores, infections, and scars

Mood Disorders

Depressive Disorders (MDD, PDD, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder)

Mood

an affective state that is relatively long and stable

Mood disorders

disturbances in mood that are severe or prolonged, impair ability to function

MDD is characterized by 5 or more of the following symptoms

depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure in almost all activities, significant unintentional weight gain/loss or decrease/increase in appetite, sleep disturbance, psychomotor changes (agitation/retardation), tiredness, fatigue, low energy, sense of worthlessness, excessive & delusional guilt, impaired ability to think, cant concentrate, impaired decision making ability, recurrent thoughts of death

Psychological risk factors

personality style, ways of thinking and problem solving

Minority stress

Chronic, high levels of stress due to stigmatized social status

Environmental risk factors

early childhood trauma, major life events

Comorbidity

comorbid highly with anxiety disorders (59.2%), Substance use disorder (24%), and impulse control disorders (30%)

Learned Helplessness Attributional Theory

MDD develops through helplessness & attribution style, People become depressed because they come to learn that they are helpless to change their circumstances AND attributional style when facing stressful life events

Internal

"Its all my fault"

Unstable

"I underestimated how much Id need to study, but I can spend more time next time"

Becks Theory of Depression

Distorted style of thinking increases risk of developing depression when faced with a stressful life event

All or nothing thinking

looking at things as either black or white, no in between shades of grey

Disqualifying the positive

insisting that your accomplishments or positive qualities "dont count"

Magnification or Minimization

blowing things way out of proportion, or inappropriately minimizing the importance of things

"Should" Statements

You criticize yourself or others with "should", "shouldnt", "must", or "have tos"

Personalization and Blame

You blame yourself for something you werent entirely responsible for, or, alternatively, you blame other people and overlook ways that your own attitudes and behavior might contribute to a problem

Learning perspective

MDD develops when there is a lack of positive reinforcement (Lewinsohn, 1974)

Behavioral

Develop and utilize social and interpersonal skills, increase participation in pleasurable activities

Postpartum depression

persistent and severe mood changes occurring after childbirth

Range of symptoms in the week prior to menses

mood swings, tearfulness, depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, anger/irritability, increased sensitivity

Hypomanic episodes

episodes that are less severe than mania

Bipolar I

Manic episodes that last at least 7 days, manic symptoms that are usually more severe, to the point of needing emergent care

Bipolar II

Not full blown manic episodes like in Bipolar I, patterns of depressive and hypomanic episodes

Cyclothymic

Periods of hypomanic & depressive symptoms lasting a period of 2 years, that do not meet criteria for actual hypomanic or depressive episodes

During this period of energy, 3 or more are present

Inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual, flight of ideas, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, excessive involvement in risky situations

Mood disturbance causes impairment in social or occupational functioning

may necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self/others, may also include psychotic features

Psychological contributors

personality style, ways of thinking and problem solving

Chromosomal regions & genes related to susceptibility to bipolar disorder

Serotonin transporter, Dopamine transporter (DAT), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Mitochondrial DNA mutations, Glutamate receptors, Mitochondria-related genes, Chaperone genes, GABAergic neurons

Protective Factors

Social support from family and friends can buffer against negative impact of stress

Suicidal ideation

thoughts about self-harm with consideration of causing ones death