Open fractures

an _________ is considered any break in which a bone is exposed to the environment via soft tissue disruption

open fracture

An open fracture comes with complications what are they?

• bacterial contamination

• foreign material and debris

• devitalized necrotic tissue

• dead space

Open fractures are usually a result of ________ and come with ________

• high energy trauma

• concurrent injuries

Open fractures are graded based on the degree of ___________?

soft tissue injury and viability

A dog is brought in with a skin wound <1cm after radiographs are taken you can see that the bone is fractured under the wound spot as well. WIth all this information you would consider this a _______ open fracture

type 1

Type 1 open fractures are often considered _______ injuries and are caused by ______ trauma

• inside out

• low energy

A small dog comes in from a car crash with a skin wound > 1 cm but generally soft tissue is not damaged but a fracture is evident you would consider this a _________ open fractures

Type 2

Type 2 fractures are considered ___________ injuries and are usually due to ________

• outside in

• high energy

A dog is rushed into the hospital after an injury and upon PE a large wound is visualized with extensive soft tissue damage and after radiographs are taken a fracture is revealed under it this would be considered a _______ open fracture

Type 3

A dog with a Type 3 open fracture would be considered 3a if there was _______ present

enough soft tissue to cover the wound

A dog with a Type 3 open fracture would be considered 3b if there was _______ present

• extensive soft tissue lost

• bone exposure

A dog with a Type 3 open fracture would be considered 3c if there was _______ present

an arterial injury

What type of fracture would require reconstructive surgery

Type 3b open fractures

What part of the dog is more susceptible to open fractures

distal limb

Using radiographs to diagnose what are you looking for to confirm a an open fracture

• bone extending beyond the skin

• any gas opacity

• foreign material

Between dogs and cats who are more at risk at getting an open fracture

cats

Where do dogs get the most open fractures in the body

radius or ulna

where do cats get the most open fractures

femur

Post traumatic osteomyelitis can be cause by what 3 things

• Iatrogenic

• open fractures

• puncture wounds

What determines the development of infection in post traumatic osteomyelitis

• integrity of soft tissues

• load and virulence of organisms

• host immune response

A cat has developed post traumatic osteomyelitis after treatment of fracture. After going back in you see a blackened and brittle piece of bone this confirms what factor aided in the development of the infection?

devitalized piece of bone

A cat with a gunshot wound is more likely to develop post traumatic osteomyelitis due to what reason?

presence of metallic foreign bodies

what things are you looking for to diagnose an animal with PTO

• history of fracture repair

• evidence of wound infection

• radiographic change

• cytology

• culture