EMT-Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomical Position

Standing, facing forward, palms out

Supine

lying face up on back

Prone

lying face down on stomach

Lateral Recumbent

lying on either left or right side

Fowler

seated, back elevated 45-60 degrees

Trendelenburg

lying on back with legs elevated higher than head

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Superior

toward the head, above point of reference

Inferior

toward the feet, below point of reference

Dorsal

toward the spine, back

Ventral

toward the abdomen, front

Medial

toward the midline/center of the body

Lateral

left or right of midline...bilateral=on both sides

Distal

wrist is distal from elbow

proximal

elbow is proximal to shoulder

plantar

sole of foot, flexing plantar foot means pointing toe

palmer

palm of the hand

Abdominal Quadrants

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

Ligaments

bone to bone

Tendons

muscle to bone

Skeletal System

gives the body shape, protects the vital internal organs, allows for movement, storing minerals and producing blood cells

Skull

protects brain, includes cranium and face

Cranium

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

Face

brow to chin, 14 bones, 13 immovable

Orbits

eye sockets

Nasal Bones

bed of nose

Maxillae

fused bones of upper jaw

Zygomatic Bones

cheekbones

Mandible

lower jaw, moves freely on hinge (chewing)

Spinal Column/Vertebral Column

principle support system of body, everything is directly or indirectly attached to spine, 33 vertebrae

Vertebrae

irregularly shaped bones, bound by ligaments, if any are crushed or displaced, spinal chord may be severed

Cervical Spine

C1-C7, first 7 vertebrae, we can feel C7, most prone to injury

Thoracic Spine

T1-T12, posterior to cervical spine region

Lumbar Spine

L1-L5, posterior to thoracic spine region, least mobile of the vertebrae

Sacral Spine

S1-S5, posterior to lumbar spine region, fused together to form rigid part of posterior side of pelvis

Coccyx Spine

tailbone, last 4 vertebrae

Thorax

chest: ribs, sternum, thoracic spine

Sternum

breastbone, flat narrow bone in the middle of anterior chest

Ribs

24 ribs, 12 pairs attached posteriorly by ligaments to the thoracic vertebrae. First 7 are attached to sternum by cartilage. The last 5 ribs are false ribs because the front ends aren't attached to sternum

Clavicle

collarbone, attached to superior portion of sternum (manubrium)

Xiphoid Process

inferior portion of the sternum

Pelvis

doughnut-shaped structure; sacrum and coccyx

Iliac Crest

each side of the pelvis, the "wings"

Pubis

anterior and inferior portion of pelvis

Ishium

posterior and inferior portion of pelvis

Lower Extremities

limbs of the body from the hip to the toes

Acetabulum

pelvic socket into which fits the rounded top of the femur

Lower Leg

tibia is the shin located at the anterior and medial side of leg. fibula is smaller and located on the lateral side of leg

Malleolus

ankle joint socket

Tarsals

group of bones that make up most of ankle and part of foot

Metatarsals

5 bones that form the substance of foot

Phalanges

14 in toes and fingers

Upper Extremities

limbs of the body including shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerus

largest bone in upper extremities, head of bone fits into shoulder blade socket

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

Carpals

group of bones in the wrist

Metacarpals

structural strength of hands

Flex

bend toward the body, decrease angle

Extend

straighten away from body, increase angle

Ball-and-Socket Joint

wide range of motion; shoulder, hip

Hinged Joint

flexion and extension; elbow, knee, finger

Pivot Joint

turning motion: neck, wrist

Gliding Joint

hands and feet

Saddle Joint

ankle allowing the foot to turn inward as it moves up and down

Condyloid Joint

Wrist can move up and down, side to side, but not in full rotation

Skeletal Muscle

voluntary, controlled by brain and nervous system; walking chewing, smiling

Smooth Muscle

involuntary, automatic muscular functions; digestive tract

Cardiac Muscle

hybrid, special involuntary muscle, automaticity=can generate impulses on its own even when disconnected from nervous system

Respiratory System

respiration, ventilation, oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide, buffer to maintain acid-base balance

Respiration

moving O2 and CO2 across membranes, in and out of capillaries, alveoli, and cells

Ventilation

breathing

Thyroid Cartilage

adam's apple

Epiglottis

flap that automatically keeps liquid from entering lungs

Lungs

hold many aveolar sacs, gas exchange of O2 and CO2

Diaphragm

separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Children vs Adults

1-smaller nose and mouth that can be obstructed easily. 2-tongue takes up most of mouth which can block pharynx. 3-narrow trachea which can be blocked by swelling or foreign objects. 4-cricoid cartilage is less developed and less rigid. 5-chest wall is softer so rely on diaphragm for breathing

Intercostal Muscles

muscles between ribs

Circulatory System

provide cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, transport blood to cells and alveoli for gas exchange, house blood, buffer bodies acid-base balance, deliver immune cells to fight infection, contain substances that promote clotting

Artery

carries blood away from heart

Vein

carries blood toward the heart

Capillary

blood vessel that connects artery to vein

Red Blood Cells

hemoglobin, carry O2 to cells, carry CO2 away from cells

White Blood Cells

immune system to defend against infection

Platelets

clots blood, stops bleeding

Plasma

water and electrolytes, carries blood cells and transports nutrients to tissues

Pulse

felt at arteries, left ventricle contracts which sends a wave of blood through the arteries....systolic blood pressure

Hypoperfusion

shock, insufficient supply of oxygen to body cells

Nervous System

control and maintain conscious and aware state, transmit sensory stimuli to brain for interpretation, control motor function, control body functions through autonomic nervous system

Cerebrum

outermost portion of brain, controls sensation, thought, memory

Cerebellum

posterior and inferior to cranium, controls muscle activity and impulses from the eyes and ears

Peripheral Nervous System

nerves outside the spinal chord and brain, Afferent and Efferent nerves

Conscious

RAS and at least one cerebral hemisphere must be intact and functioning

Endocrine System

Multiple glands secreted into hormones which have effects on the activity of certain organs

Thyroid Gland

neck, regulates metabolism, growth and development

Parathyroid Gland

behind thyroid, produces hormone to metabolize calcium and phosphorous in the bones

Adrenal Glands

on top of kidneys, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, postpones muscle fatigue, increase sugar storage, kidney function, regulate metabolism of salt and water

Gonads

ovaries and testes, produce hormones that control reproduction and sex characteristics