PSYCH01X - Human Development (Finals)

moral development

The process through which these beliefs and the ability to reason about right and wrong change and mature over a person's life.

Constructivist Process

A gradual building of moral concepts through the interaction with the social world

Heteronomous Morality (Moral Realism, 5 - 9 years old)

rules are unchangeable and must be followed no matter what

immanent justice

Punishment automatically follows wrongdoing, regardless of whether there is a direct or logical connection between the two. “Bad things automatically happen to bad people.”

expiatory punishment

Harsh, unequal punishment seen as necessary no matter the reason

Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism, 9-10 years old)

Understanding that rules are created by people and can change if everyone agrees.

Mutuality (Reciprocity)

Fairness means considering others’ feelings (“Golden Rule” thinking)

Punishment = Restorative

The goal of punishment is to repair harm and teach fairness, not just make someone suffer

level 1: pre conventional morality

focus: self interest and avoiding punishment— common in children

stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation

right = what avoids punishment

stage 2: instrumental-relativist orientation

Right = what benefits me. you help me, I help you

level 2: conventional morality

Focus: social approval, and maintaining order— common in teens and adults

stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation

Right = what makes people like me?

stage 4: law and order orientation

Right = following rules to keep society in order

level 3: post conventional morality

Focus: principles and universal ethics— reached by some adults, not all

stage 5: social contract orientation

Right = What’s fair for everyone, even if rules need to change

stages of prenatal development

1. Germinal stage

2. Embryonic stage

3. Fetal stage

pre-natal period

The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single-cell zygote (the cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg) becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby. The first two weeks of development are concerned with simple cell multiplication

germinal stage

The first 2 weeks of pregnancy. Includes the conception, implantation, formation of placenta of the body.

embryonic stage

The period from 3-8 weeks of pregnancy. The most notable phenomena during this stage is the formation of vital organs and bodily systems.

fetal stage

The period between the 9 weeks-birth of pregnancy till birth. This is the stage where bodily growth continues, movement capability begins and brain cells multiply. Also known to be the “Age of Viability”

infancy (birth-2 years)

During ______, a great deal of initial learning occurs. This learning is provided through environmental cues, such as a parents’ behavior. Very basic skills are mastered during this time period, such as crying, nursing, co-ordination and the ability to represent images and objects with words.

early childhood (3-5 years)

_______ is the foundation period of life covering 3 - 5 years of our life. It is a period of rapid - physical, mental, emotional, social and language development of a child.

middle and late childhood (6-12 years)

The child is, by nature, a pragmatist. He is concerned with how things work, rather than with why they work or how well they work. It is an age at which doing, making, and building are all-important.

adolescence (13-18 years old)

_______ typically describes the years between ages 13 and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood. However, the physical and psychological changes that occur in ______ can start earlier, during the preteen or "tween" years (ages 9 through 12).

Early Adulthood/Young Adulthood (19-29 years old)

The life stage called _______ defines individuals between the ages of 19 and 29, who are typically vibrant, active and healthy, and are focused on friendships, romance, child bearing and careers.

Middle Adulthood(30-60 years old)

________ is a time of both gains and losses. The span of middle adulthood can be defined chronologically, contextually, or biologically.

Late Adulthood (61 years and above)

The period of _______, defined here as ages 60 through 75 years, is characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes, including both gains and losses.

epigenetic principle

This principle suggests that people grow in a sequence that occurs over time and in the context of a larger community

Basic trust versus mistrust

is my social world, predictable and supportive?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?

initiative versus guilt

Am I good or bad?

Industry versus inferiority

Am I successful or worthless?

identity versus role confusion

Who am I?

intimacy versus isolation

Shall I share my life with another person or live alone?

Generativity versus stagnation

Will I succeed in my life, both as a parent and as a worker?

integrity versus despair

Have I lived a full life or have I failed?

attachment

a feeling of closeness toward another person

strange situation

procedure in which a mother and her infant (typically 12 to 18 months old) come into a room with many toys, and psychologists monitor the child’s behavior as the mother and a stranger at various times enter and leave the room

temperament

tendency to be active or inactive and to respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli

storm and stress

Adolescence is often described as a time of “______.” it is also a time of risk-taking behaviors

identity crisis

concerns with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding

identity achievement

Has explored the issues; decisions already made

identity foreclosure

Has not explored the issues; decisions already made

identity moratorium

Has explored the issues; decision is not yet made

identity diffusion

Has not explored the issues; decision is not yet made

david elkind

According to ______, one reason for risky behavior is the “personal fable,” which includes the secret belief that “nothing bad can happen to me”

midlife transition

a period of reassessing goals, setting new ones, and preparing for the rest of life

Terror-management theory

proposal that we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem, hope, and value in life

psychosexual stages

Stages where libido (sexual energy) focuses on different body parts.

erogenous zones

Areas of the body that become sources of pleasure or frustration.

Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year)

In the first stage of personality development, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth for the satisfaction of the libido.

oral-passive (if overindulge):

Dependency , gullibility

oral aggressive (if Frustrated))

Nail biting, Smoking, sarcasm

Anal Stage (1 to 3 years)

The libido now becomes focused on the anus (bowel and bladder control), and the child derives great pleasure from defecating.

Anal attentive

Over neat, Perfectionistic, controlling

anal expulsive

Mesi, careless, rebellious

Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)

The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls).

Oedipus Complex

Young boys (around ages 3–6) feel attachment to their mothers and see their fathers as rivals, then resolve this by identifying with their fathers.

Electra Complex

Young girls feel attachment to their fathers and compete with their mothers, then resolve this by identifying with their mothers.

Latency Stage (6 years to puberty)

No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage (latent means hidden). The libido is dormant.

Genital Stage (puberty to adult)

This is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's

gender roles

the different activities that society expects of males and females

biculturalism

partial identification with two cultures

biracialism

having parents from different origins

authoritative parents

those who set high standards and impose controls, but who are also warm and responsive to the child’s communications ; high warmth, high control

authoritarian parents

those who tend to be emotionally more distant from the child; they set rules without explaining the reasons behind them ; low warmth, high control

permissive parents

nurturing and communicative but tend to be lenient, avoiding strict rules, expectations, and consequences, which can lead to a lack of self-control and responsibility in children ; high warmth, low control

uninvolved/neglectful parents

a style characterized by low parental involvement, lack of demands, and little to no emotional responsiveness or support for a child's needs beyond the basic necessities of food and shelter ; low warmth, low control