PERIOD 1 + PERIOD 2- APUSH

Who were the first natives in America?

The Clovis People

How did Clovis people get to America?

by crossing the Bering Land Bridge from Asia during the last Ice Age around 13,000 years ago

Anasazi

Pueblo culture in present-day Arizona (100 BC)

-Formed Chaco Canyon

-warrior tribe who disappeared once the Europeans arrived

Hohokam

Native Americans who lived in the Southwest from about 300 B.C.

-used irrigation to bring water to the crops

Pueblo

southwest, maize, squash, beans, irrigation

Sioxi, Crow, Blackfoot- Plains tribes

nomadic tribe due to scarce resources

-hunted bison and buffalo- for food and tools

Moundbuilders / Cahokia

center of the civilizations of the mound builders

(2000 BCE-1250 CE)

-non-nomadic=stable food source

Eastern Woodland Tribes-Algonquin, Pequot, Shawnee

used wood for canoes, longhouses, and tools for fishing

Cherokee and Seminole

Southeast tribes who successfully grew corn and adapted to the heat of their environment.

Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas

northeast, hunter gatherers, alliances, agriculture based on seasons

-alliance against European attackers

Aztecs

-Mexico

-maize

-Tenochtitlan=city with strong trade economy

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D.

-central america

-strong agriculture

Inca Empire

-Pacific Coast of South America

-state ruled gov w/ army

-trade

motives for exploration to North America

gold, god, glory

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

When did Columbus arrive to North America?

1492

Columbian Exchange 1492

Europe-> America

grains, livestock, DISEASE, pigs horses

America--> Europe

turkeys, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, diseases, natives to use for labor

Who benefited more from the Columbian Exchange?

Europe. They were given plentiful goods which grew their population. Due to disease, 90% of native population declined and many of the things they were given were unuseful.

Three Sister Tribes

Cherokee and Iroquois grew beans, squash, and corn

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

mission system

system by Spanish to control the Indian population

forcing them to convert to Catholicism and work the land

spanish caste system

Top: Peninsulares (born in spain)

Second: Criollos (born in America to spanish parents)

Third: Mestizos (1 spanish parent, 1 native) and Mulattos (1/2 spanish, 1/2 african)

Bottom: Indios (natives) and Negros (african/slave)

Reasons for encomienda system

power, economy, labor, religion, society, gout

When and why encomienda failed

1720- natives and africans die from disease and consistently rebel

Spanish colonies in Americas

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida

Chumash

tribe known for their use of acorns

How did Europeans influence native gender roles

shifted equal system of labor between men and women to male dominance/heirarchy

French fur trade

French settlements across Canada trading beaver pelts

-often allied with Montagnais and Huron tribes against Iroquois

Dutch and Iroquois Confederacy

Alliance supplying the Iroquois with guns and trade goods, the Dutch helped them increase their power in the region

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.