anatomy introduction

morphology

anatomy

anatomy

the study of structure

gross anatomy

study of non-microscopic structures

systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

regional anatomy

body is studied region by region

embryology

study of embryos and their development

pathological anatomy

study structural changes caused by disease

neuroanatomy

the study of the cellular organization of the brain and spinal cord

histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

physiology

study of function

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level

cells are made up of molecules

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ level

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

system level

an association of organs that have a common function

organism

all parts of the body functioning in cooperation with one another

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

skeletal system

gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and brain, all bones of body and associated cartilages and joints

muscular system

all muscle tissue in the body attached to bone (skeletal muscle)

nervous system

the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves connecting the CNS with body

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

endocrine system

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system

lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils). provides defense against infection.

respiratory system

the lungs and the air passages leading in and out of them

digestive system

long passageway through the body and its associated organs; responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of foods

urinary system

organs that produce, collect, and eliminate urine (excretion of the blood)

reproductive system

organs that produce, collect, and eliminate reproductive cells

superior

above, toward head

cranial

toward the head (superior)

inferior

below, away from the head

caudal

toward the tail, inferior

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

ventral

toward the belly

dorsal

toward the back (posterior)

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

parietal

pertaining to the wall of a cavity, lining a cavity

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior sides

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

cephalic

head

cranial

skull

facial

face

orbital or ocular

eye area

buccal

cheek

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

scapular

shoulder

axillary

arm pit

brachial

upper arm

arm

shoulder to elbow

cubital

elbow

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

lumbar

lower back

umbilical

navel

dorsal hand

back of hand

palmar hand

palm of hand

pubic

genital region

inguinal

groin

gluteal

buttocks

leg

knee to ankle

popliteal

behind the knee

dorsal foot

top of foot

plantar foot

bottom of foot

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

membranes

thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ

serous membrane

a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body

mucous membrane

membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist (nose, mouth, etc.)

7 microns

diameter of a red blood cell

6-10 nanometers

thickness of cell membrane

30 mL

1 oz

453.6 g

1 lb

2.2 lb

1 kg

light microscopy

use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

electron microscopy

uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution

x-ray

image created by sending electromagnetic radiation through body parts, solid parts appear white

computerized tomography

ct scan, imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area

angiography

imaging of blood vessels

positron emission tomography

pet scan, an imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks