PSYC 2314 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

What is Erikson’s third psychosocial stage

initiative versus guilt

What term refers to a child’s knowledge about themselves (name, age, preference

self-concept

Which of the Big Five personality traits includes being social and outgoing

extraversion

If a child is low in neuroticism, how will they typically act emotion

is calm, emotionally stable, and able to discuss upsetting events

What is it called when a child can calm themselves by reminding themselves of positive facts

self-talk

What did Mischel’s marshmallow study measure

impulse control

How does gender stability differ from gender constance

• gender stability = second milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that boys grow up to be men and girls grow up to be women

• gender constancy = third milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that gender is stable and does not change based on clothes, hairstyle, or temporary experimentation with gender roles

What kind of characters are nonbinary examples in children’s media

• Lake (Elemental)

• Kazi (The Dragon Prince)

• Double Trouble (She-Ra)

• Angel Jose (Craig of the Creek)

What is the first step in forming ethnic-racial identity

ethnic labeling = process of assigning labels to yourselves and others to describe racial, ethnic, or cultural status or nationality

Who do young children typically prefer as playmates regarding race/ethnicity

similar racial and ethnic background to themselves

Why can teaching children to be “colorblind” about race be harmful

make those from privileged backgrounds blind to their privilege and blind to the discrimination that others face assuming everyone is the same regardless of race ignores the impact society has had on marginalized individuals and it assumes that marginalized individuals see and experience things the same way a White person does which is not the case

Which parenting style is high in both warmth and structure

authoritative (relationship-focused)

How might an authoritative parent respond to a teen asking for a car

You can borrow our car occasionally for now; let's see how that goes. If you handle that responsibly, we can discuss you getting a used car and a job in a few months. Does that seem fair?

How do children of permissive parents often behave

struggle to form compromise and conflict resolution skills particularly because they are accustomed to having things their way

What do helicopter/steamroller/snowplow parents often fail to give their child

facing hardship, readily solve dilemmas for their child or interfere in common daily tasks

Which works better long-term: reinforcement or punishment

reinforcement

What is an example of natural punishment

if a child is stacking chairs, climbs on them, and fall off punishment is physical pain and discomfort from falling off the chairs

What does “proximity” mean in the context of friendships

circumstances that include children living, attending school or extracurricular activities close together

What is an example of free play (versus structured play)

children go to the playground and decide to play kickball

What does prosocial aggression mean

purposeful harm or intimidation of harm toward people or property

When does physical aggression typically peak

early childhood

How are highly aggressive children over time affected socially

have strained relationships with others

Children who are both low in approach and avoidance motivation are considered what temperament

introverted

How much media do children consume daily, and how much is recommend

• watch two hours of television per day and spend about one hour playing video games (100x more than previous generation)

• recommend consume only one hour of high-quality educational programming per day and spend no time on any other type

What media platform is used most by children (as of 2021)

YouTube

What pattern describes the effects of consuming media violence

less active to violence and consider it more normative

What does desensitization to violence mean

perceive violence and aggression as appropriate and morally justified

How can screen time be used in a healthy way

provide portable outlets for creativity, problem-solving, and interactions with others