ab child psych final

disorders, classifications, qualifications, theories and therapies, risk factors.

Intellectual Development Disorder (Neurodevelopmental)

Diagnosis of IDD includes both low/below average intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning. Both of which much be present in the early developmental period. Mild (85%), moderate (10%), Severe (4%), and Profound (1%).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (Neurodevelopmental)

A severe developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social functioning, language and communication, and unusual behaviors and unrestricted interests.

ADHD (Neurodevelopmental)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by age-appropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

ADHD-PI

Predominately inattentive type: Problems with concentration and being easily distracted. Appears to be not listening, disorganized, and forgetful.

ADHD-HI

Predominately hyperactive-impulsive type: Behavior is excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed.

ADHD-C

Combined Type: Child is confused, drowsy, or “in a fog.” This type encompasses symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Language Disorder (Communication)

Characterized by deficits in expression despite normal comprehension of speech. These children have delayed and slow speech development, limited vocabulary, and speech marked by short sentences and simple grammatical structure.

Child Onset Fluency Disorder (Communication)

Characterized by repeated and prolonged pronunciations of certain syllables that interfere with communication.

Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder (Communication)

Deficits in using communication for social purposes, difficulties in changing communication to fit the situations or listener, problems with following the rules of language, and difficulties understanding what someone is not explicitly saying.

Specific Learning Disorder (Neurodevelopmental)

Specific learning problems that occur in the areas of reading, math, and written expression. Performance is below what would be expected for someone of the same age and intelligence. The performance must also significantly interfere with academic achievement or daily living.

Specific Learning Disorders - Math

Difficulty recognizing numbers, and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and/or understanding abstract concepts, visual-spacial problems, arithmetic calculation and mathematic reasoning deficits.

Specific Learning Disorders - Reading

Inability to distinguish or to separate sounds in a spoken language, difficulty learning basic sight words, common error in reversals (b/d), transpositions (was/saw), and omissions (place for palace), and decoding.

Specific Learning Disorders - Written Expression

Less interesting and poorly organized essays, less likely to review spelling, grammar, and punctuation, problems with hand-eye coordination, and commonly found in writing disorders.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (Disruptive Behavior Disorders)

Described as actions and attitudes that are age-inappropriate, violate expectations of family and society, and damage others personal property rights. Angry/Irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, vindictiveness.

Conduct Disorder (Disruptive Behavior Disorders)

A repetitve and persistent pattern of violating basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate social norms or rules. Aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violations of rules.

Major Depressive Disorder (Mood Disorder)

The presence of a major depressive episode marked by depressed mood most of the day (most day) or irritable mood, anhedonia, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbance, psychomotor retardation or agitation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide for at least two weeks.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Mood Disorder)

Depressed mood most of the day (most days) for at least one year and is less severe but more chronic than MDD. Associated less with anhedonia, social withdrawal, impaired concentration, death thoughts, and physical complaints, and is associated more with sadness, self-deprecation, low self-esteem, anxiety, irritability, anger, and temper tantrums.

Bipolar Disorder (Mood Disorders)

Characterized by periods of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, alternating with or accompanied by one or more major depressive episode. May display symptoms of over-excitement, restlessness, agitation, sleeplessness, pressured speech, flight of ideas, sexual disinhibition, inflated self-esteem, and wreckless behavior.

Bipolar I

Classic manic-depressive disorder: At least one lifetime manic episode is required for diagnosis.

Bipolar II

Not a “milder” form of Bipolar I: Requires the lifetime experience of at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic episode.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Children who have experienced at least 1 full year of both hypomanic and depressive periods without ever fulfilling the criteria for mania, hypomania, or major depression.

Manic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least one week and present most of the day, nearly every day. Symptoms include: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in highly painful potential consequences.

Hypomanic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally or persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least four consecutive days, present for most of the day, every day.

Anxiety

A mood state characterized by strong negative emotion and physical symptoms of tension in which an individual apprehensively anticipated future danger or misfortune.

Separation Anxiety Disorder (Anxiety Disorders)

Age-inappropriate, excessive, and disabling anxiety about being apart from parents or away from home.

Specific Phobia (Anxiety Disorders)

Extreme and disabling fear of particular objects or events that pose little or no danger, often leading to avoidancr ot impairments in normal routines. Children do not recognize their fears are irrational. Most common fear is animal.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) (Anxiety Disorders)

A marked and persistent fear of being the focus of attention or scrutiny, or doing something humilating. More likely to be highly emotional, socially fearful, and inhibited, sad, and lonely.

Selective Mutism (Anxiety Disorders)

Characterized by a failure to speak in a specific situation where there is an expectation to speak, like school.

Panic Disorder (Anxiety Disorder)

Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks, as well as persistent concern over having another attack.

Panic Attack

A sudden and overwhelming period of intense afear or discomfort accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms characteristic of flight or fight response.

Agoraphobia (Anxiety Disorder)

Characterized by a persistent fear of a specific place or situation, like being in a crowd or outside of home alone. Often characterized as afraid to have a panic attack alone in public.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Anxiety Disorder)

Excessive and uncontrollable anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities on most days. Sense of apprehensive expectation, an exaggerated worry and tension in absense of conditions that would normally provoke such a reaction. Often accompanied by physical complaints such as headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, irritability, lack of energy and trouble sleeping. It is the excessive worry about major everyday occurances.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Anxiety Disorders)

The repeated, intrusive, irrational, and unwanted thoughts that cause anxiety; often accompanied by ritualized behaviors or compulsions to relieve this anxiety. Repetitive behaviors are performed to prevent a feared event or situation (compulsions) such as counting, checking, or cleaning. Obsessions are what cause the compulsions to occur.

Trichotillomania (Anxiety Disorder)

Is the recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair. Hair pulling may be from any part of the body, though most often is the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids, causing distress and repeated attempts to stop. No typical denial of behavior.

Hoarding Disorder (Anxiety Disorder)

A condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, leading to virtual clutter and distress. Symptoms may begin in early life and span into late stage development.

Reactive Attachment Disorder (Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders)

A pattern of disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors, becoming withdrawn from caregivers and not seeking or able to receive comfort when distressed. Display limited positive affect, minimal social interaction, and episodes or unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (Trauma and Stress-Related Disorder)

Characterized by a pattern of behavior where a child is too open and disinhibited with strange adults. Likely to display reduced reticence in approaching and interacting with strange adults, overly familiar verbal/physical behavior, diminished checking back with caregiving after venturing away, and willingness to go off with strangers with little to no hesitation.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Trauma and Stress-Related Disorder)

Characterized by persistent anxiety following an overwhelming traumatic event outside of range of usual human experiences like major accidents, natural disasters, kidnappings, brutal physical assaults, war, violence, or sexual abuse. Intrusive events, avoidance of memories, distortions of thoughts or feelings, symptoms of extreme arousal.

Enuresis (Elimination/Health-Related Disorder)

The involuntary discharge of urine day or night at least twice a week for 3 months.

Encopresis (Elimination/Health-Related Disorder)

The passage of feces into inappropriate places, such as clothing or on the floor or outside the body (not the toilet).

Dyssomnias (Sleep-Wake Disorders)

Disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep, characterized by difficulty getting enough sleep, not sleeping when one wants to, and not feeling refreshed from sleep.

Parasomnias (Sleep-Wake Disorders)

Disorders in which behavioral or physiological events intrude ipon ongoing sleep. Includes nightmares (REM parasomnias), sleep terrors, and sleep walking (NREM parasomnias).

Substance Use Disorder (Health-Related Disorder)

Substance dependence and substance abuse, resulting from self-administration of any substance that alters mood, perception, or functioning. One or more harmful and negative consequences of substance abuse over the last 12 months. Alcohol, Marijuana, MDMA, Cocaine, Opioids.

Anorexia Nervosa (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

Refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a significant disturbance in the person’s perception of body fat. Denial of being too thin or having a weight problem. Associated with numerous health risks.

Restricting Anorexia Nervosa

An individual loses weight through diet, fasting, or excessive exercise. Highly controlled, rigid, and obsessive individuals.

Binge Eating/Purging Anorexia Nervosa

An individual engages in episodes of binge eating or purging or both. Tends to have stronger personal or family history of obesidy and higher rates of impulsive disorder and mood problems.

Bulimia Nervosa (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

Binge eating in which an episode of overeating that must involve both an objectively large amount of food and lack of control. Typically follows changes in mood or interpersonal stress often associated with depressed mood. After binging follows compensatory behaviors of purging, self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives to prevent weight gain. Body is watched closely and highly-influenced.

Binge Eating Disorder (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

Recurrent episodes of overeating that must involve both an objectively large amount of food and a lack of control.

Pica (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

The ingestion of inedible substances, such as hair, insects, or chips of paints, for a periods of at least 1 months. This can include condiments.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

An avoidance of food intake, leading to weight loss or nutritional deficiency. Significant wight loss, significant nutritional deficiency, dependence on enteral feeding, or marked interference with psychosocial functioning.

Failure to Thrive (Feeding and Eating Disorders)

Characterized by weight below the 5th percentile for age, and/or deceleration in the rate of weight gain from birth to present of at least 2 standard deviations, using standard growth charts for comparison. Associated with economic diadvantage and inadequate or abusive care-giving in early infancy.

What qualifies behavior as “abnormal” and/or diagnosable in children and adolescents?

Behavior that deviates from the norm, is distressful, dangerous, and fits the symptom criteria of DSM-5.

Why is it important to be familiar with child and adolescent development when diagnosing and treating them for mental health issues? Give two age-specific examples.

It is important to understand development because it helps to differentiate between normal and abnormal behaviors in different development stages, while also allowing for age specific interventions to occur. For example, a temper tantrum in a two-year-old is typical, while similar behavior in a ten-year-old may indicate a behavioral problem. Another example, a one year old being scared of being away from their parent is normal, but a twelve-year-old displaying extreme separation anxiety may require further evaluation and intervention.

Identify three (3) ways that treating children and adolescents differs from treating adults.

Purpose and goal of treatment, arena or family, history or context of diagnosis.

Behavioral Therapy

A practical approach to modifying unhealthy behavior using techniques such as reinforcement and punishment to promote positive changes in behavior.

Psychoanalysis Therapy

Uses analytic techniques to help release repressed thoughts, experiences, and emotions to achieve insight and emotional healing.

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy approach that focuses on modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs to improve emotional regulation.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Focuses on the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Changing unhelping or unhealthy thoughts and behaviors to structured, goal-oriented actions that improve emotional well-being.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Integrates past experience with present behavior, focusing on unconscious processes and how they influence current thoughts and actions. Often unresolved issues that impact current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

DSM-5 delineating between childhood/adolescence and adulthood?

No differences between certain disorders, there is an overlap of diagnostic criteria between diagnostic categories.

DSM-5 similarities between childhood/adolescence and adulthood?

Diagnoses of childhood distinction, symptom distinction