The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Key vocabulary from the lecture notes about the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Frédéric Sorrieu

French artist who, in 1848, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’.

Statue of Liberty

The statue that the peoples of Europe and America offer homage to in Frédéric Sorrieu's first print.

distinct

In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

Nation-State

A state in which the majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

French Revolution

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the in 1789.

la patrie, le citoyen

The ideas of _ (the fatherland) and _ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Tricolour

The new French flag chosen to replace the former royal standard.

despotism

The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from .

Napoleonic Code

Code that did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.

Zollverein

A customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states, that abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies.

Vienna Congress

Representatives of the European powers met here in 1815 to draw up a settlement for Europe, following the defeat of Napoleon.

Treaty of Vienna

The delegates at the Vienna Congress drew up the _ of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

revolutionaries

Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train _ and spread their ideas.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807, who founded the secret societies of Young Italy and Young Europe.

Romanticism

Cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, focusing on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

Johann Gottfried Herder

German philosopher (1744-1803) who claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.

Volksgeist

The true spirit of the nation that was popularised through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.

Polish

After Russian occupation, this language was forced out of schools in Poland.

Wilhelm Wolff

The journalist who described the events in a Silesian village during the weavers' revolt against contractors in 1845.

middle

In 1848, a revolution led by the educated classes was under way in many European countries.

Frankfurt

On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the _ parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian chief minister, known as the architect of German unification.

the Prussian king, William I

In January 1871, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Victor Emmanuel II

In 1861 _ was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Cavour

Chief Minister who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Armed volunteer who joined the fray to unify Italy.

Union

The Act of _ (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.

Marianne

Name given to the female figure in France, used to personify the nation, with characteristics drawn from Liberty and the Republic.

Germania

The allegory of the German nation, who in visual representations wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

nationalism

By the last quarter of the nineteenth century _ no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends.

The Balkans

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871.