csds 101 final exam

Stress definition

a referent to the most prominent syllable within a multisyllabic prominent

Factors associated with stress

higher amplitude, longer duration of the syllable nucleus, higher frequency

what does it mean for stress to serve a phonemic function

the position of stress can serve to distinguish otherwise identical words

Single syllable words

spoken in isolation will always receive primary stress

two-syllable words

stress will be placed on the first syllable

Compound verbs (stress)

primary stress on the second verb

Compound words of two syllables

have similar levels of stress on both syllables

Primary stress

denoted with a ˈ in front of the syllable

Secondary stress

denoted with a ˌ in front of the syllable

Unstress

no symbol used

Accommodation

adaptation of a speech sound as a result of phonetic environment

Rate of speech

270 words/minute

Assimilation

major changes as a result of omitting, adding, or altering production of a phoneme

Progressive Assimilation

A result of sounds that occur earlier in a word impacting the production of later occurring phonemes (left-to-right)

Regressive Assimilation

A result of sounds that occur later in a word impacting the production of earlier occurring phonemes (right-to-left)

Elision

The omission of a typically unstressed consonant, vowel, or syllable (words that are slurred)

Intrusion

The addition of new phonemes

Coarticulation

minor changes in phoneme production and occurs as a result of a fast rate of speech

Allophonic variations

different pronunciations of a phoneme

Lengthening

 [ : ] - “beat” [bi:t]

Nasality

[ ̃] - “ban" - [bæn]

Voicing

[  ̬  ] “later”

Syllabic Consonant

[  ̩] “button” [butn]

Articulation Disorder

characterized by incorrect or imprecise production of sounds (mild)

Phonological Disorders

identifiable pattern of errors consistent with multiple phonological processes

distortions

sound is changed or altered

substitution

When one sound is replaced with another, such as "thing" for "sing"

Omissions

When a sound is left out of a word, such as "cu" for "cup"

Additions

When extra sounds are added to a word, such as "buhlack" for "black

Phonological processes are separated into

Syllable structure patterns, Substitution patterns, Assimilation patterns

Dialect

Speech or language variation

Accent

Speech that has characteristics of a foreign dialect

How does regional dialect vary

by source, and vowel production

speech sound differences

variations in how sounds are produced when speaking

speech sound disorders

difficulties with the perception, motor production, or phonological representation of speech sounds