Medical Terminology: Musculoskeletal System

Vocabulary flashcards covering bones, combining forms, directional movements, pathology, and surgical procedures for Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System.

Orthopedics

The specialty focusing on the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Orthopedist

An orthopedic surgeon.

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

Protection, support, movement, hematopoiesis, and storage of fat and minerals.

clavicul/o

Combining form for clavicle.

crani/o

Combining form for cranium.

cost/o

Combining form for costa (rib).

scapul/o

Combining form for scapula.

stern/o

Combining form for sternum.

rachi/o, spin/o

Combining forms for spine.

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

Combining forms for vertebrae.

cervic/o

Combining form for cervical vertebrae (neck, 7 vertebrae).

thorac/o

Combining form for thoracic vertebrae (upper back, 12 vertebrae).

lumb/o

Combining form for lumbar vertebrae (lower back, 5 vertebrae).

sacr/o

Combining form for sacrum (connects to pelvis).

coccyg/o

Combining form for coccyx (tailbone).

humer/o

Combining form for humerus.

radi/o

Combining form for radius.

uln/o

Combining form for ulna.

carp/o

Combining form for carpals.

metacarp/o

Combining form for metacarpals.

phalang/o

Combining form for phalanges.

pelv/i

Combining form for pelvis.

ili/o

Combining form for ilium.

ischi/o

Combining form for ischium.

pub/o

Combining form for pubis.

femor/o

Combining form for femur.

patell/o

Combining form for patella.

tibi/o

Combining form for tibia.

fibul/o

Combining form for fibula.

tars/o

Combining form for tarsals.

calcane/o

Combining form for calcaneus.

metatars/o

Combining form for metatarsals.

Costal

Pertaining to the ribs.

Intercostal

Between the ribs.

Subcostal

Below the ribs.

Sternocostal

Pertaining to the sternum and rib region.

Vertebrocostal

Pertaining to the rib and vertebrae region.

Substernal

Below the sternum.

Sternoclavicular

Pertaining to the region between the sternum and clavicle.

ankyl/o

Combining form meaning stiff.

arthr/o

Combining form meaning articulation or joint.

-asthenia

Suffix meaning weakness.

burs/o

Combining form meaning bursa.

calc/i

Word part meaning calcium.

chondr/o

Combining form meaning cartilage.

-sarcoma

Malignant tumor of connective tissue.

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Combining forms meaning tendon.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk of the body.

Distal

Further from the trunk of the body.

Extension

Movement that straightens a limb.

Flexion

Movement that bends a limb.

Rotation

Movement of a bone around its own axis.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb at the far end.

Cartilage

Dense connective tissue that covers the articular surfaces of joints.

Tendon

Connective tissue structure that connects muscles to bone.

Fascia

Protective sleeve covering muscles.

Types of Muscle

Cardiac, smooth, and striated.

Articulation

A joint.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints containing cavities between articulating bones.

Bursae

Sacs of fluid located in areas of friction.

Ligaments

Strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage to each other.

Myolysis

Destruction or breakdown of muscle.

Myopathy

Disease or disorder of muscle.

Myalgia

Muscle pain.

Spondylitis

Inflammation of the vertebrae.

Rachiodynia, Rachialgia

Spine pain.

Phalangitis

Inflammation of fingers or toes.

Tibialgia

Pain in the tibia.

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow.

Myeloencephalitis

Inflammation of the spinal cord and brain.

Lumbago

Pain in the lumbar region.

Fibromyalgia

Pain in fibrous tissue and muscle.

Myasthenia gravis

Severe muscle weakness.

Herniated disk

Condition where the inside of a disk is bulging out of a tear in the outside of the disk.

Paraplegia

Paralysis of both legs.

Quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four extremities (both arms and both legs).

Paresis

A slowing down or partial paralysis.

Paraparesis

Partial paralysis or slowing down of both legs.

Dislocation

Condition where the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal position.

Fracture

A break or broken bone.

Sprain

Injury to a ligament, which connects bones to each other at a joint.

Strain

Condition in which tissue is stretched or torn beyond its capacity.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon.

Cellulitis

Skin cell inflammation.

Myocellulitis

Inflammation of muscle and skin cells.

Osteitis

Bone inflammation.

Osteochondritis

Inflammation of bone and cartilage.

Sarcoma

Malignant tumor of connective tissue (flesh).

Chondrosarcoma

Sarcoma in cartilage.

Fibrosarcoma

Sarcoma in fibrous tissue.

Leukemia

A type of blood or bone marrow cancer, either acute or chronic.

Multiple Myeloma

Many tumors/masses in the bone and bone marrow, usually progressive and eventually fatal.

Osteoporosis

Bone condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass making bones porous.

Osteomalacia

Softening of bone.

Spondylomalacia

Softening of the spine.

Osteitis Deformans

Also known as Paget's disease; disrupts normal recycling of bone cells leading to abnormal bone growth, weakness, and fractures.

Spina bifida

Birth defect in which the spinal cord doesn't completely close during pregnancy.

Scoliosis

Condition of a crooked or bent spine.

Kyphosis

Humpback condition affecting the thoracic spine.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic and systemic connective tissue disease where the body's immune system attacks the lining of joints.