Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Flashcards based on the provided lecture notes for exam preparation.

What is Anatomy?

The study of the FORM of living things.

What is Gross Anatomy?

The science of macroscopic anatomy, studying large body structures visible with the naked eye.

What is Surface Anatomy?

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

What is Regional Anatomy?

Considers the regions of the body such as the head and the extremities and all the systems in the particular region.

What is Systemic Anatomy?

Gives attention to all the structures of a particular system in the body regardless of location.

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

Concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

What is Cytology?

The study of cells, their components, and their functions.

What is Histology?

The study of tissues and their functions.

What is Physiology?

The study of the FUNCTION of the parts that make up living things.

What is the Chemical Level of Structural Organization?

Atoms arranged to form molecules and compounds with specific functional properties and unique three-dimensional shapes.

What is the Cellular Level of Structural Organization?

Interactions between molecules form organelles; smallest units capable of performing vital life functions.

What is the Tissue Level of Structural Organization?

Specialized groups of cells and cell products that work together to perform one or more specific functions.

What is the Organ Level of Structural Organization?

Consists of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions.

What is the Organ System Level of Structural Organization?

Organs interact to form these; perform vital life functions of the body.

What is the Integumentary System?

Skin, hair, and nails; Provides external support and protection of the body and temperature regulation.

What is the Skeletal System?

Bones; Internal support and flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

What is the Muscular System?

Muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support, and body heat production.

What is the Respiratory System?

Lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages; exchange of respiratory gases between the air and circulating blood.

What is the Nervous System?

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; directs immediate response to stimuli.

What is the Circulatory System?

Heart and blood vessels; internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells.

What is the Lymphatic/Immune System?

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils; houses the immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease.

What is the Endocrine System?

Hormone secreting glands; secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

What is the Urinary System?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products, and controls pH and electrolyte balance.

What is the Digestive System?

Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder; intake, breakdown, and absorption of food.

What is the Reproductive System?

Ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands in females AND the testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in the male; production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones and copulation.

What is an Organism?

A living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

What is Biology?

The study of life.

What is Organization in biology?

Separation of one area from another; organism, cell, organ, etc.

What is Metabolism?

All chemical reactions in a cell/organism (both anabolism and catabolism).

What is Anabolism?

Smaller, simpler molecules are combined to create a larger, more complex substance.

What is Catabolism?

Larger, more complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler, molecules.

What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A key chemical compound used to store and release energy.

What is Responsiveness?

The ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

What is Movement?

Coordinated, intentional change in location or position, including internal movement of organs, substances.

What is Development?

Changes in an organism over the life cycle.

What is Growth?

An increase in body size through an increase in the number of existing cells, non-cellular material around those cells, and rarely, the size of existing cells.

What is Reproduction?

The formation of a new organism from parent organisms.

What is Oxygen?

It is our primary atmospheric gas essential for human survival, and is needed for brain function.

What are Essential Nutrients for humans?

Organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, vitamins) and inorganic compounds (water and minerals).

What is Hyperthermia?

If body is overheated for prolonged period of time it can lead to heat stroke and death.

What is Hypothermia?

if the body is to cold it can lead to shock and death.

What is Atmospheric Pressure?

the force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance.

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining a “steady state”; constancy within narrow limits; balance or equilibrium.

What is a Receptor?

Detects changes in either the internal or external environment, or stimulus.

What is the Control Center?

Receives and process the information supplies by the receptor and sends out commands.

What is an Effector?

Responds to the commands by opposing the stimulus

What is a Negative feedback mechanism?

Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus; Helps to stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis.

What is a Positive feedback mechanism?

Intensify or enhance of original stimuli; Amplify and reinforce a change brought on by the stimulus; not typically used for homeostasis.

What is the sternal region?

The breastbone

What is Ultrasonography?

High frequency sound waves generate an image.