ENTM Midterm 2 review

Flashcards covering a range of entomology topics, including insect identification, characteristics, behaviors, and ecological roles.

Acrididae

Grasshoppers and locusts that produce sound by rubbing their wings and hind legs together (stridulation) and have short antennae (Caelifera).

Anoplura

Sucking lice that feed on human blood; head is narrower than the prothorax. Includes head lice (eggs in hair shaft, hygiene not a factor) and body lice (eggs in clothes, hygiene a factor).

Ant-hemipteran mutualism

The co-existence of ants and aphids, where aphids provide honeydew to ants.

Antlion

Larvae with fang-like teeth used for sucking; sit and wait predators.

Aphididae

Small green, often wingless insects (aphids) that live on plants and have a symbiotic relationship with ants, providing honeydew in exchange for protection.

Bombardier beetle

Beetles that use chemical weapons from their abdomen, mixing hydroquinone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase, and catalase to produce benzoquinone in an exothermic reaction.

Buprestidae

The jewel beetle, which feed on wood.

Capitulum

A fatty extension of stink insect eggs.

Carrion beetles

Beetles in the Silphiade family that eat dead beetles and are important for forensic research, providing data and time of death.

Chagas disease

Disease caused by parasites.

Characteristics of thrips

Fringed wings, short legs, narrow wings and long fringe hair.

Chewing lice vs. sucking lice

Chewing lice eat dead skin cells, hair, and feathers, primarily on birds. Sucking lice feed on mammals, blood, and have narrower heads.

Cicadellidae

Leafhoppers and sharpshooters, which feed on plant sap and transmit Pierce's disease.

Cicadidae

Cicadas produce sound using tymbals.

Coccinellidae

Ladybird beetle, larvae spotted with small spines, adults oval shaped and brightly colored, feed on aphids, exhibit aposematic coloration.

Collembola

Unique reproduction where males deposit spermatophores for females to pick up.

Common cockroach pests

Most cockroaches live in forests and are not urban pests.

Convergent evolution

Independent evolution of similar features in different species.

Corixidae

Water boatman, freshwater aquatic insects with lake gills, natatorial hindlegs for swimming, mostly herbivores, and can fly.

Courtship behaviors in hexapods

Females release pheromones to attract males.

Dactylopiidae

Cochineals; bugs that make red dye and live on cactus.

Darkling beetle

Family of Tenebrionidae, live in grains (e.g., mealworms, flour beetles); ovipositing involves a long tube for egg laying.

Dermaptera

Earwigs; skin wings, chewing mouthparts, short leathery wings, large cerci, nocturnal, maternal broodcare, release defensive compounds.

Diplura

Narrow, elongated, colorless bodies lacking eyes, with 2 abdominal cerci and indirect sperm transfer.

Diving beetle

Family Dytiscidae; aquatic predators (adults and larvae), carry air bubble for underwater gaseous exchange, natatorial legs.

Dobsonflies

Aquatic larvae (hellgrammites) that are predators and used for fishing.

Dragonflies vs. damselflies

Dragonflies have broad wings at base and held horizontally, no external gills; damselflies have narrow wings at base and held over back.

Drywood termites vs. subterranean Termites

Drywood termites eat and produce colonies in wood, make holes and push out pellets; subterranean termites have colonies in soil, construct mud tubes.

Dung beetles

Use dung for egg incubation; rollers roll dung, tunnelers create tunnels, dwellers reproduce on top of dung.

Elytra

Chewing mouthpart, used for armor, water retention, wing protection, stabilization, can be fused (darkling beetle) or shortened (rove beetle).

Entognatha

Wingless and ametabolous arthropods; includes Protura (coneheads), Diplura (two-pronged bristletails), and Collembola (springtails).

Ephemeroptera

Mayflies; adults do not eat (only larvae feed), wings are large and triangular, median caudal filament and two cerci; mate then die.

Epidemic typhus fever

Disease spread by human body lice.

Feeding habit of neuropterans

Larvae feed on small insects and mites using sickle-shaped mouthparts to ingest liquified body content.

Filter chamber

Separates excess liquid fluid from plant sap.

Furcula

Tail-like appendage springtails use to jump.

Gregarious vs. solitary phases in locusts

Gregarious locusts are active and brightly colored, drawn to others; solitary locusts avoid each other and have limited diets.

Gryllidae

Crickets; Ensifera (elongated thread-like antennae), subfamily of Orthoptera.

Head lice vs. body lice

Head lice lay eggs in hair shaft, not due to hygiene; Body lice lay eggs in clothes and are due to hygiene.

Hemimetabolous development

No pupal stage.

Hemipteran feeding habit

Use proboscis (sucking mouth part) to filter liquid from plant sap and produce honeydew.

Hemipteran mouthparts

Sucking mouth part- proboscis.

Heteroptera mouthpart

Mandible + maxillae inside trough-shaped labium to form a proboscis; large and small jaw modified into piercing device.

Holometabolous development

Complete transformation.

Honeydew

Sweet sap from plants.

How do insects breathe underwater

Through tracheal gills.

Hydrogen peroxide

Chemical used in ground beetles as defense mechanism.

Hydroquinone

Chemical used in ground beetles as defense mechanism.

Isoptera

Termites; member of Order Blattodea family.

Japanese beetle

Herbivorous beetles.

Kissing bug

Subfamily of Triatominae and are haematophagous

Lacewings

Wings are see-through and lacy; larvae feed on small insects and mites, using sickle-shape mouth part to ingest liquified body contents.

Lampyridae

Fireflies

Mallophaga characteristics

Chewing lice, feed on dead skin cells, hair, feathers, mostly live on birds; head is wider than prothorax.

Mantodea

Praying mantis; large raptorial front legs, large compound eyes, chewing mouth parts, camouflage well, ambush predators, produce ootheca, sexual cannibalism.

Maternal care of eggs in earwigs

Females clean and re-pile eggs; males do not.

Mecoptera

Scorpionflies; male - enlarged genitalia; nuptial gift.

Neuroptera

Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous); nerve-wings; wing venation, cross veins and holey wings; Lacewings, Dobsonflies, Antlions, Worm lion.

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies; toothed jaws, large veiny wings, chewing mouth parts in adults and nymphs; cerci function as claspers during mating, nymphs are aquatic with gills.

Pheromone use in beetles

Attract mates and deter other beetles.

Phthiraptera

True Lice; suborder of Hemimetabolous; chewing and sucking lice.

Plecoptera habitat

Stoneflies; nymphs are aquatic and like cold fast moving mountain rivers, indicates good water quality.

Potato beetle

Colorado potato beetle; nightshades; quickly develop resistance to insecticides.

Protura

Protura or coneheads, very small (1mm), lack antennae and are predatory; first pair of legs are sensory.

Psocodea

Bark lice, Book lice, True lice; bark and book lice feed on algae, glue, and book bindings in humid conditions; True lice include head lice.

Pyrophilous

Beetles that thrive after fires, dependent on reproduction.

Scansorial leg

Used to hook onto things.

Scarabaeoidea

Scarab beetles, some are brightly colored or metallic, scavengers; Japanese beetles, rhinoceros beetles.

Scorpionflies

Mecoptera; holometabolous.

Sound perception / production in insects

Sound made through stridulation, rubbing body parts.

Stridulation in Orthoptera

Wings and wings, wings and legs.

Subimago

Final stage before adult stage.

What is a Tettigoniidae?

A katydid is a subphylum of Orthoptera with Ensifera, which is an elongated thread-like antennae.

Thysanoptera

Fringe wings, short legs, narrow wings with long fringe hair.

Tiger beetles

Cicada family, brightly colored, fast runner, sit and wait hunters, pupate in soil then jump out, have spines in their back.

Trichoptera

Caddisflies; related to butterflies and moths, hairy wings, larvae are aquatic with tracheal gills.

True bugs

50k - 80k species with sucking mouth parts (mandible + maxillae) and filter chamber to separate excess fluid from plant sap.

Tympanal organs of insects

Sound detection in Katydid and crickets. Grasshopper in first abdomen segment, membrane stretch like drum head

Tymbals in cicada

Only males have sound with periodial cicadas use prime number to avoid predators

Weevils

Curculiondiae family, one of the largest animal families, long snout, geniculate antennae, use acorns and chestnuts to lay eggs damage cotton balls

Whirligig beetle

GYRINIDAE family with two pairs of eyes: one above and the other below.

Wood boring beetles

Feed on wood, target weak trees, forest removers, assist nutrients recycling, jewel beetles are shiny/metallic and larvae bore tunnels.

Zygentoma

Firebrat and silverfish; indirect sperm transfer, drag females over sperm packets and surround them with a ring of spermatophores.