Exam Four

Social psychology

the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

social behavior arises from

social thinking

attribution theory

 attempting to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.

fundamental attribution error

overestimating personality, and underestimating the situation

With people, we know we tend to have _____ for their situation, but with people, we dont know we think its their character(disposition)

sympathy

attitude def

feelings based on our beliefs that cause us to respond in certain ways to objects, people, and events

attitudes influence ______,__ and behavior influences _______

behavior, attitudes

foot in the door phenomenon:

the tendency to ask for a larger request when a small request is completed

cognitive dissonance:

created by:

****EXAMPLE- if you act racist, eventually your attitude will fit your behavior****

explains why we change our attitudes to fit our behavior, Leon Festinger

Chameleon effect:

created by:

the tendency to unconsciously mimic others as a part of feeling empathy for them, Chartrand and Bargh

Mimicry can be: good/bad

****EXAMPLE- Marilyn Monroe died by suicide in August, by the end of the month there were 200 more suicides nationally than average****

bad

conformity:

adjusting our behavior or thinking to appease a group

what increases conformity?

feeling insecure or unworthy, being in a group of three of more, having no insight/decision before speaking with a group of people

why do people conform?

to be socially accepted or because we believe others know more about a subject than we do

normative social influence

going along with a group so they will like you

informational social influence

going along with a group because you believe they know more than you

obedience is highest when:

the person giving orders is an authority figure, or no one else disobeys

how does group presence influence us?

our ability increases in the presence of others

social loafing:

putting less effort into a group task if PERSONAL PERFORMANCE does not hold them fully accountable

deindividuation:

****EXAMPLE- doing bad things because everyone else is doing it too********

when a persons identity is replaced by the goals and actions of the group

Social Facilitation

improved performance on a simple or well learned task in the presence of others

Group Polarization:

the idea that beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group stronger as we discuss them

group think:

agreeing with group decisions to avoid feeling like an outcast, which leads to errors in decision making

group think factors

overconfidence, conformity, group polarization

personal control

**“one person can make a difference “**

power of the individual

social control

power of the situation

social relations

how we relate to one another

prejudice means “PRE JUDGEMENT”, and is a mixture of

stereotypes, emotions, and discrimination

prejudice is a negative ____ discrimination is a negative _________

attitude, behavior

agression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

what are some biological factors that can cause aggression?

genetics, your neural system and how you are wired , and biochemical hormone signals

fustration-agression principle

when people become frustrated, they are more likely to be aggressive

factors that can cause aggression

rejection and an absent father

causes of observing aggression

desensitizes people to cruelty, leads people to respond aggressively when provoked

attraction has three factors:

proximity, familiarity, and physical attractiveness

proximity in attractiveness:

we like people who are available to us and that we can see all of the time

familiarity in attractiveness:

we like people who seem safe and approachable

physical attractiveness:

we think of attractive people as more healthier, happier people

relationships last longer when:

you and your partner love many things together, and not just each other

two types of romantic love:

passionate love and companionate love

passionate love is:

more temporary, and has physical arousal and desire

companionate love is:

more mature, steadier, and has a deep affectionate attachment

equity in a relationship is when:

both partners freely give and receive and when decision making is shared

self disclosure:

revealing intimate details about ourselves

alturism

the unselfish regard for the welfare of others

for a bystander to help, they must:

notice the situation, assume that it is a emergency, and take responsibility

atypical:

different from most people

Maladaptive:

behavior that prevents you from making adjustments that are in your own best interest

Unjustifiable

No acceptable explanation for a behavior

psychological

a persons thought, feelings, or behavior is judged to be dysfunctional

somatoform

****EXMAPLE- ANXIETY********

physical symptoms that are not fully explained by a medical condition and appear to be related to psylogical stress

**Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders** is used to:

diagnose and treat those with mental disorders

what are the three anxiety disorders?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, panic disorder, and phobias

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

when a person is continually tense and uneasy for no reason

panic disorder

when a person experiences sudden episodes of fear

phobia

being intensely and irrationally afraid of something

uxoriphobia

fear of ones wife

**Santaclaustrophobia**

fear of getting stuck in a chimney

Phobophobia:

a fear of being fearful

Arithmophobia:

the fear of numbers

hobophobia

fear of bums or beggars

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia

fear of long words

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

disorder of unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

anxiety CANT be learned but CAN be:

biological, conditioned, reinforced, and learned by observing others

major depressive disorder

a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest

Bipolar Disorder

bouncing from one emotional extreme to the other

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

causes of Schizophrenia

brain abnormalities, genetic factors, and life

symptoms of Schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotional outbursts

the five different types of Schizophrenia

paranoia, disorganization, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual

personality disorder definition

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

avoidant personality disorder

having anxiety and being fearful of rejection

schizoid personality disorder

strage behaviors, being socially disengaged,

histrionic personality disorder

impulsive/ dramatic behaviors

narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerate their own importance, have fantasies where they succeed, have difficulty accepting criticism

borderline personality disorder

unstable identity, relationships, and emotions

antisocial personality disorder

known as psychopaths, usually male, feel and fear little, violate rights of others

what contributes to good mental health?

hope, will to live, social support, focusing on the good, psychological distancing

six core dimensions of good health

self acceptance, positive relations with other people, autonomy, personal growth , purpose in life, environmental mastery

stress can be a:

stimulus, response, or process

what causes stress?

catastrophes, life changes, daily hassles

stress response system states:

when stressed, we release stress hormones **epinephrine and norepinephrine,** alerting our sympathetic nervous system

the stress response system was created by:

william cannon

autonomic nervous system:

controls the physical responses of the body

the two parts of the autonomic nervous system:

sympathetic and parasympathetic dividion

parasympathetic division

stops the release of stress hormones once danger has passed

sympathetic division:

gives us a boost of energy to survive danger

general adaptation syndrome:

the body’s adaptive response to stress

general adaptation syndrome has three phases:

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

alarm reation:

sympathetic system is activated

resistance phase:

fully engaged to meet the challenge

exhaustion phase:

resources are depleted

women respond to stress by:

bonding, making a new friend, giving/seeking comfort

men respond to stress by:

withdrawing, being aggressive, turning to drugs and alcohol

short term stressed is handled:

(well or unwell)

well

long term stress in handled:

(well or unwell)

unwell

symptoms of long term stress:

decreases our health and stresses our immune system

wounds heal ____ in stressed people, and they are more vulnerable to _____

slowly, illnesses

stress does not hasten _____ and does not cause ______

HIV into AIDS, AIDS

stress weakens the _____ and allows cancer to grow, but DOES NOT cause it

immune system