UGA CBIO 2200L Practical 1

Superior

Highest position or toward the head

Inferior

Lowest position or toward the feet

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Farther internal from the surface of the body

Anterior/ventral

Toward the front of the body

Posterior/dorsal

Toward the back of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or trunk

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or trunk

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body

Frontal (coronal)

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (horizontal)

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

Midsagittal (median)

Divides body into equal right and left halves

Parasagittal

Divides body into unequal right and left portions

Oblique

Cuts diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes

Cranial

Encloses the brain within the skull

Vertebral

Encloses the spinal cord

Thoracic

Chest cavity housing heart and lungs

Pleural

Sub-cavity surrounding each individual lung

Pericardial

Sub-cavity surrounding the heart

Abdominal

Cavity containing digestive viscera

Pelvic

Cavity containing urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum

Nucleus

Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities

Mitochondrion

Site of ATP production and cellular respiration

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Rough ER

Network studded with ribosomes for protein modification

Smooth ER

Site of lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi complex

Modifies sorts and packages proteins and lipids

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste

Peroxisome

Neutralizes toxic substances and breaks down fatty acids

Interphase

Phase of cell growth and DNA replication before division

Mitosis

Division of the nuclear material

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase

Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

Epithelial

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs and cavities

Connective

Protects supports and binds organs together

Muscle

Generates force and produces physical movement

Nervous

Excitable tissue that propagates electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses, enabling rapid communication between different regions of the body

Simple squamous

Single layer of flat scale-like cells

Simple cuboidal

Single layer of cube-shaped cells

Simple columnar

Single layer of tall column-shaped cells

Pseudostratified columnar

Single layer appearing stratified due to nuclei at varying heights

Keratinized stratified squamous

Multiple layers with tough surface layer of dead keratin-filled cells

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

Multiple layers of moist flat cells lacking keratin surface layer

Stratified cuboidal

Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

Transitional

Stratified tissue that stretches and changes shape in urinary structures

Dense regular

Parallel collagen bundles providing high tensile strength in one direction

Dense irregular

Randomly arranged collagen fibers resisting multidirectional tension

Elastic

Rich in elastic fibers allowing recoil after stretching

Areolar

Gel-like matrix with loose fiber arrangement cushioning organs

Reticular

Network of fibers forming supportive stroma for lymphatic organs

Adipose

Specialized for triglyceride storage and thermal insulation

Hyaline cartilage

Smooth matrix supporting respiratory structures and joint surfaces

Fibrocartilage

Tough matrix with thick collagen fibers resisting compression

Elastic cartilage

Flexible matrix rich in elastic fibers maintaining structural shape

Bone

Hard calcified matrix supporting and protecting body structures

Blood

Liquid matrix containing formed elements like erythrocytes and leukocytes

Skeletal

Striated voluntary muscle attached to bones

Cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle found exclusively in the heart wall

Smooth

Non-striated involuntary muscle lining walls of hollow organs

Skeletal muscle organ

Complete muscle unit surrounded by epimysium

Muscle fascicles

Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped by perimysium

Muscle fiber

Individual elongated muscle cell wrapped by endomysium

Deep fascia

Dense connective tissue layer binding functional muscle groups

Epimysium

Connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle organ

Perimysium

Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fascicles

Endomysium

Delicate connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers

Fusiform

Thick in middle and tapered at both ends; biceps brachii

Parallel non-fusiform

Uniform width with fascicles running parallel to long axis; sartorius

Convergent

Broad origin fan-shaped down to a narrow insertion point; pectoralis major

Unipennate; extensor digitorum

Fascicles insert into one side of a single tendon

Bipennate; rectus femoris

Fascicles insert into two sides of a central tendon

Multipennate

Fascicles insert into multiple central branches of a tendon; deltoid

Circular

Rings of muscle surrounding orifices to act as sphincters; orbicularis oris

Nerves

Cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

Fascicle

Bundle of nerve fibers enclosed by perineurium

Nerve fiber

Axon surrounded by its neurolemmal sheath

Epineurium

Outer protective fibrous covering of a whole nerve

Perineurium

Connective tissue sleeve surrounding a nerve fascicle

Endoneurium

Delicate inner layer wrapping individual nerve fibers

Cell body soma

Control center containing nucleus and organelles

Dendrites

Branching extension receiving incoming chemical signals

Axon

Long process conducting electrical impulses away from soma

Axon terminal

Specialized end structure releasing neurotransmitters into synapse

Epidermis

Outermost avascular epithelial layer of skin

Dermis

Vascular connective tissue layer beneath epidermis

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer consisting primarily of adipose and loose connective tissue

Stratum basale

Deepest single-cell layer of actively dividing basal cells

Stratum spinosum

Layer of spiny-looking keratinocytes joined by desmosomes

Stratum granulosum

Layer where keratinocytes accumulate protein granules and die

Stratum lucidum

Clear thin layer present only in thick skin

Stratum corneum

Outermost protective layer of dead keratinized squames

Papillary

Superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue

Reticular

Deep dermal region composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Hair shaft

Portion of hair projecting above the skin surface