Module 2 - Review on Functional Groups

Biomolecules

refer to four distinct groups of molecules found in living organisms

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Biomolecules are composed of:

Macromolecules

They are considered organic, meaning they are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and/or Nitrogen atoms. They are sometimes also known as _________

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

The four groups of biomolecules are:

Chemical bonds

formed when 2 or more atoms are held strongly together

Atoms

form chemical bonds to achieve stability

Electrons

The subatomic particles that are involved in chemical bonds are the _______

Valence Electrons

More specifically the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom known as the ________

• Ionic Bond

• Covalent Bond

Types of Chemical Bonds:

Ionic Bond

This type of bond generally results from the interaction of metals with nonmetals

Covalent Bond

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms

Shared pairs or Bonding pairs

These electron pairs are known as

Hydrocarbons

are organic compounds composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Catenation

the ability of atoms of a single element to form stable chains or rings of covalent bonds with each other

Organic Chemistry

It deals with the study of carbon compounds

Vitalism Theory

This theory was disproven by Friedrich Wohler when he was able to synthesize urea, a compound found in human urine, in the laboratory, using ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound

Functional Groups

are the substituent atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to specific molecules

Functional Groups

are responsible for the chemical reactions that the molecule they are attached to participate in

Functional Groups

defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

• Alkanes

• Alkenes

• Alkynes

Hydrocarbons:

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

diene

diene

-diene

alcohols

alcohols

-ol

ethers

ethers

-oxy-

aldehydes

aldehydes

-al

ketones

ketones

-one

carboxylic acids

carboxylic acids

-oic acid

esters

esters

-oate

amides

amides

-amide

amines

amines

-amine

nitriles

nitriles

-nitrile

thiols

thiols

-thiol